Editing X-ray microscope (section)

==Instrumentation==
[[File:Be foil square.jpg|thumb|right|A square [[beryllium]] foil window mounted in a steel case to seal a vacuum chamber of an<br>X-ray microscope. Beryllium, due to its low ''Z'' number is highly transparent to X-rays.]]

=== X-ray optics ===
{{Main|X-ray optics}}

=== Synchrotron light sources ===
{{Main|Synchrotron light source}}

==== Advanced Light Source ====
The Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley, California, is home to XM-1, a full-field soft X-ray microscope operated by the Center for X-ray Optics and dedicated to various applications in modern nanoscience, such as nanomagnetic materials, environmental and materials sciences and biology. XM-1 uses an X-ray lens to focus X-rays on a CCD, in a manner similar to an optical microscope. XM-1 held the world record in spatial resolution with Fresnel zone plates down to 15&nbsp;nm and is able to combine high spatial resolution with a sub-100ps time resolution to study e.g. ultrafast spin dynamics. In July 2012, a group at [[DESY]] claimed a record spatial resolution of 10&nbsp;nm, by using the hard X-ray scanning microscope at [[PETRA III]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120628180429/http://hasylab.desy.de/news__events/announcements/coherent_x_ray_scanning_microscopy_at_petra_iii_reached_10_nm_resolution_june_2012/index_eng.html Coherent X-Ray scanning microscopy at PETRA III reached 10 nm resolution (June 2012)]. Hasylab.desy.de. Retrieved on 2015-12-14.</ref>

The ALS is also home to the world's first soft x-ray microscope designed for biological and biomedical research. This new instrument, XM-2 was designed and built by scientists from the National Center for X-ray Tomography. XM-2 is capable of producing 3-dimensional [[X-ray microtomography|tomograms]] of cells.

=== Liquid-metal-anode X-ray source ===

Extremely high-intensity sources of 9.25 keV X-rays (gallium K-alpha line) for X-ray phase-contrast microscopy, from a focal spot about 10&nbsp;um x 10&nbsp;um, may be obtained with an X-ray source which uses a liquid metal [[galinstan]] anode. This was demonstrated in 2003.<ref name="doi.org"/> The metal flows from a nozzle downward at a high speed and the high intensity electron source is focused upon it. The rapid flow of metal carries current, but the physical flow prevents a great deal of anode heating (due to forced-convective heat removal), and the high boiling point of galinstan inhibits vaporization of the anode. The technique has been used to image mouse brain in three dimensions at a voxel size of about one cubic micrometer.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/srep42847|pmid = 28240235|pmc = 5327439|bibcode = 2017NatSR...742847T|title = Three-dimensional mouse brain cytoarchitecture revealed by laboratory-based x-ray phase-contrast tomography|year = 2017|last1 = Töpperwien|first1 = Mareike|last2 = Krenkel|first2 = Martin|last3 = Vincenz|first3 = Daniel|last4 = Stöber|first4 = Franziska|last5 = Oelschlegel|first5 = Anja M.|last6 = Goldschmidt|first6 = Jürgen|last7 = Salditt|first7 = Tim|journal = Scientific Reports|volume = 7|pages = 42847}}</ref>

=== Detection devices ===
{{Main|X-ray detector}}