Editing Xerox art (section)

==Early history 1960s–1970s==
The first artists recognized to make copy art are Charles Arnold, Jr., and Wallace Berman. Charles Arnold, Jr., an instructor at [[Rochester Institute of Technology]], made the first photocopies with artistic intent in 1961 using a large Xerox camera on an experimental basis. Berman, called the "father" of assemblage art, would use a Verifax photocopy machine (Kodak) to make copies of the images, which he would often juxtapose in a grid format.<ref>Brunet-Weinmann, Monique. Copigraphie: Éléments pour une histoire globale / Copigraphy: Elements for a global history. Les produits logiques LopLop (CD-ROM), éditeur, Montréal, 2000.</ref>  Berman was influenced by his San Francisco Beat circle and by Surrealism, Dada, and the Kabbalah. [[Sonia Landy Sheridan]] began teaching the first course in the use of copiers at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]] in 1970.<ref>Firpo, Patrick; Alexander, Lester; Katayanagi, Claudia; Ditlea, Steve. ''Copy Art: The First Complete Guide to the Copy Machine''. New York: Richard Marek Publishers,  1978. {{ISBN|978-0-399-90016-7}}. OOP</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, [[Esta Nesbitt]] was one of the earliest artists experimenting with xerox art.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/exhibitions/source-material/esta-nesbitt|title=Exhibitions: Finding Source Material in the Archives of American Art - Esta Nesbitt|website=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> She invented three xerography techniques, named transcapsa, photo-transcapsa, and chromacapsa.<ref name=":5" /> Nesbitt worked closely with Anibal Ambert and Merle English at [[Xerox|Xerox Corporation]], and the company sponsored her art research from 1970 until 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sova.si.edu/record/AAA.nesbesta?s=0&n=10&t=C&q=City+sounds&i=7|title=A Finding Aid to the Esta Nesbitt Papers, circa 1942-1981, in the Archives of American Art|website=Smithsonian Online Visual Achieve (SOVA)|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>

[[Seth Siegelaub]] and [[Jack Wendler]] made ''Untitled'' (''Xerox Book'') with artists [[Carl Andre]], [[Robert Barry (artist)|Robert Barry]], [[Douglas Huebler]], [[Joseph Kosuth]], [[Sol LeWitt]], [[Robert Morris (artist)|Robert Morris]], and [[Lawrence Weiner]] in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lawrence Weiner, Robert Morris, Joseph Kosuth, Douglas Huebler, Robert Barry, Sol LeWitt, Carl Andre. Untitled (Xerox Book). 1968|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/11400|access-date=2020-09-12|website=The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kushins|first=Jordan|date=2013-09-12|title=The Secret Role That Copy Machines Have Played in Modern Art|url=https://www.gizmodo.com/the-secret-role-that-copy-machines-have-played-in-moder-1295212435|access-date=2020-09-13|website=Gizmodo|language=en}}</ref>

Copy artists' dependence upon the same machines does not mean that they share a common style or aesthetic. Artists as various as [[Ian Burn]] (a conceptual/process artist who made another ''Xerox Book'' in 1968),<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nairne|first=Eleanor|date=2014-01-03|title=Reviews: Xerography|language=en|website=Frieze|issue=160|url=https://www.frieze.com/article/xerography|access-date=2020-09-13|issn=0962-0672}}</ref> [[Laurie-Rae Chamberlain]] (a punk-inspired colour Xeroxer exhibiting in the mid 1970s) and [[Helen Chadwick]] (a feminist artist using her own body as subject matter in the 1980s) have employed photocopiers for very different purposes.

Other artists who have made significant use of the machines include: Carol Key, Sarah Willis, Joseph D. Harris, Tyler Moore, the Copyart Collective of Camden, as well as:

in continental Europe
* [[Guy Bleus]]
* [[Alighiero Boetti]] (''Nove Xerox AnneMarie'', 1969)<ref name=":0" />
*[[Bruno Munari]] (''Xerografie'' series, begun in 1963)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pioselli|first=Alessandra|date=March 2019|title=Reviews – Bruno Munari. Translated from Italian by Marguerite Shore|url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/201903/bruno-munari-78736|access-date=2020-09-12|journal=Artforum|volume=57 |issue=7 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[M. Vänçi Stirnemann]]
* [[Vittore Baroni]]
* [[Piermario Ciani]]

in the UK
* Graham Harwood<ref>{{Cite web|last=Medosch|first=Armin|date=2007-04-05|title=Interview with Harwood / Mongrel: Between Social Software and the Poetic|url=http://theoriebild.ung.at/view/Main/InterviewHarwood|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115000731/http://theoriebild.ung.at/view/Main/InterviewHarwood|archive-date=2007-11-15|website=Medienkunstlabor|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tim Head]]
* [[David Hockney]]
* Alison Marchant
* [[Russell Mills (artist)|Russell Mills]]

in Brazil
* {{ill|Paulo Bruscky|pt|Paulo Bruscky}}
* [[León Ferrari]]
* {{ill|Hudinilson Jr.|pt|Hudinilson Júnior}}
* [[Eduardo Kac]]
* [[Letícia Parente]]
* Mário Ramiro

in Canada
* [[Evergon]]

in the US
* [[Pati Hill]]
* [[Ginny Lloyd]]
* Tom Norton<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019–2020|title=Polaroid Spotlight Talks|url=https://mitmuseum.mit.edu/calendar/polaroid-spotlight-talks|access-date=2020-09-13|website=MIT Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fifield|first=George|year=1981|title=Electrophotographcopyinstantart|url=http://www.visionspace.org/writings/personal-writings/electrophotoxerographcopyinstantart/|journal=Views, the Journal of Photography in New England|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=16–17}}</ref>
* [[Sonia Sheridan|Sonia Landy Sheridan]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonin|first=Vincent|date=2007|title=Sonia Sheridan fonds : Process: Color-in-Color I, II (3M)|url=https://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=2007|access-date=2020-09-13|website=Daniel Langlois Foundation|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Barbara T. Smith]] 

Barbara T. Smith, a Los Angeles artist, leased a Xerox 914 and between 1967–1968 made thousands of Xeroxes which she used to make sculptures, unique artist's books and framed collages. In the mid-1970s [[Pati Hill]] did art experiments with an IBM copier.<ref>Yardley, William, ''The New York Times,'' Arts, New York, NY, Sept, 23, 2014</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hyperallergic.com/292378/the-personal-and-poetic-prints-of-a-female-pioneer-of-copier-art/|title=The Personal and Poetic Prints of a Female Pioneer of Copier Art|website=Hyperallergic|date=20 April 2016|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-21}}</ref> Hill's resulting xerox artwork was exhibited at Centre Pompidou, Paris, the Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, and the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, among other venues in Europe and the US.<ref>Torchia, Richard, ''ArtForum,'' Passages, New York, NY, 2014</ref>