Editing Anti-Americanism (section)

=== Europe ===
Polls conducted in 2003 have shown that anti-Americanism increased in Europe due to the [[Iraq War]], perception of U.S. power, its policies and leadership. Eurobarometer survey conducted in 2003 among European Union countries revealed that Europeans view America as a higher risk to Global Peace than Iran and North Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-Americanism: Causes and Characteristic |date=April 2010 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2003/12/10/anti-americanism-causes-and-characteristics/}}</ref> After Trump imposed [[Liberation Day tariffs|tariffs on April 2]], anti-Americanism rose further, especially in Denmark where Trump threatened to take Greenland, an autonomous territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/anti-american-sentiment-rises-in-europe-as-trump-fuels-anger |title=Anti-American sentiment rises in Europe as Trump fuels anger |website=The Straits Times |date=30 March 2025}}</ref>

==== Eastern Europe ====

=====Russia=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Russia|Russia–United States relations}}
[[File:2014-05-09. День Победы в Донецке 237.jpg|thumb|Anti-American slogans, [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] in largely Russian-speaking [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|occupied]] [[Donetsk]], Ukraine, 9 May 2014]]

Russia has a long history of anti-Americanism, dating back to the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] of 1917. As early as in 1919, leader of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] [[Vladimir Lenin]] was recorded addressing [[Red Army]] soldiers where he claimed that "capitalists of England, France and America are waging war against Russia". The image of [[Uncle Sam]] was also used by the [[Bolsheviks]] to portray [[White movement|White Russian]] forces as foreign-sponsored.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teatr.audio/lenin-obraschenie-k-krasnoy-armii|title=Ленин – Обращение к Красной Армии|trans-title=Lenin – Address to the Red Army|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/131-antanta-.html|title=Антанта|trans-title=Entente|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2013, 30% of Russians had a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" view of Americans and 40% viewed the U.S. in a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" light, up from 34% in 2012.<ref name="pew"/> Recent {{When|date=March 2024}} polls from the [[Levada center|Levada center survey]] show that 71% of Russians have at least a somewhat negative attitude toward the U.S., up from 38% in 2013.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/ Anti-American Sentiment on the Rise in Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726064859/https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/ |date=26 July 2020 }}". ''The Wall Street Journal''. 5 June 2014.</ref> It is the largest figure since the [[collapse of the USSR]]. In 2015, a new poll by the Levada center showed that 81% of Russians now hold unfavorable views of the United States, presumably as a result of U.S. and [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|international sanctions]] imposed against Russia because of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. Anti-Americanism in Russia is reportedly at its highest since the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref>Sarah E.  Mendelson, "Generation Putin: What to Expect from Russia's Future Leaders." ''Foreign Affairs'' 94 (2015) p 150.</ref><ref>Eric Shiraev and Vladislav Zubok, ''Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000)</ref> A December 2017 survey conducted by the [[Chicago Council on Global Affairs|Chicago Council]] and its Russian partner, the Levada Center, showed that 78% of "Russians polled said the United States meddles "a great deal" or "a fair amount" in Russian politics", only 24% of Russians say they hold a positive view of the United States, and 81% of "Russians said they felt the United States was working to undermine Russia on the world stage."<ref>"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/ More Russians are sure of the U.S. meddling in their politics than the other way around, poll finds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209194358/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/ |date=9 February 2021 }}". ''The Washington Post''. 7 February 2018.</ref>

Survey results published by the [[Levada-Center]] indicate that, as of August 2018, Russians increasingly viewed the United States positively following the [[2018 Russia–United States summit|Russia–U.S. summit in Helsinki]] in July 2018. ''The Moscow Times'' reported that "For the first time since 2014, the number of Russians who said they had "positive" feelings towards the United States (42 percent) outweighed those who reported "negative" feelings (40 percent)."<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Americanism Wanes in Russia After Putin-Trump Summit, Survey Says |url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425 |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=August 2, 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013950/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Favorable Attitudes Toward U.S., EU Rising In Russia, Poll Finds |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=August 2, 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826172823/https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2020, 46% of Russians polled said they had a negative view of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=4 in 5 Russians View West as a Friend – Poll |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322 |work=The Moscow Times |date=18 February 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614142015/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Pew Research Center]], "57% of Russians ages 18 to 29 see the U.S. favorably, compared with only 15% of Russians ages 50 and older."<ref>{{cite news |title=How people around the world see the U.S. and Donald Trump in 10 charts |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819022140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, only 20% of Russians viewed U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] positively.<ref>{{cite news |title=1. Little trust in Trump's handling of international affairs |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816095706/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Only 14% of Russians expressed net approval of [[Political positions of Donald Trump|Donald Trump's policies]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Few in other countries approve of Trump's major foreign policies, but Israelis are an exception |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=3 February 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905063037/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Western Europe====
[[File:Yankee go home.jpg|thumb|Banner expressing anti-American sentiments in [[Stockholm]], Sweden in 2006]]
In a 2003 article, historian David Ellwood identified what he called three great roots of anti-Americanism:
* Representations, images and stereotypes (from the birth of the Republic onwards)
* The challenge of economic power and the American model of modernization (principally from the 1910s and 1920s on)
* The organized projection of U.S. political, strategic and ideological power (from World War II on)
He went on to say that expressions of the phenomenon in the last 60 years have contained ever-changing combinations of these elements, the configurations depending on internal crises within the groups or societies articulating them as much as anything done by American society in all its forms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1426.html |title=Anti-Americanism: Why Do Europeans Resent Us? |author=David Ellwood |publisher=George Mason university : History News Network |date=5 May 2003 |access-date=1 March 2010 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907110547/http://hnn.us/articles/1426.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2004, Sergio Fabbrini wrote that the perceived post-[[September 11 attacks|9/11]] unilateralism of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq]] fed deep-rooted anti-American feeling in Europe, bringing it to the surface. In his article, he highlighted European fears surrounding the Americanization of the economy, culture and political process of Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fabbrini |first=Sergio |title=Layers of Anti-Americanism: Americanization, American Unilateralism and Anti-Americanism in a European Perspective |journal=European Journal of American Culture |date=September 2004 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=79–94 |doi=10.1386/ejac.23.2.79/0 }}</ref> Fabbrini in 2011 identified a cycle in anti-Americanism: modest in the 1990s, it grew explosively between 2003 and 2008, then declined after 2008. He sees the current version as related to images of American foreign policy-making as unrestrained by international institutions or world opinion. Thus it is the unilateral policy process and the arrogance of policy makers, not the specific policy decisions, that are decisive.<ref>Sergio Fabbrini, "Anti-Americanism and US foreign policy: Which correlation?," ''International Politics'' (Nov 2010) 47#6 pp. 557–573.</ref>

During the [[George W. Bush]] administration, public opinion of America declined in most European countries. A [[Pew Research Center]] Global Attitudes Project poll showed "favorable opinions" of America between 2000 and 2006 dropping from 83% to 56% in the United Kingdom, from 62% to 39% in France, from 78% to 37% in Germany and from 50% to 23% in Spain. In Spain, unfavorable views of Americans rose from 30% in 2005 to 51% in 2006 and positive views of Americans dropped from 56% in 2005 to 37% in 2006.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252 
 |title=America's Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas 
 |date=13 June 2006 
 |access-date=5 December 2007 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027160436/http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252 
 |archive-date=27 October 2007 
 }}</ref>
[[File:UK Anti Bush visit protest (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright|Anti-war demonstration against a visit by [[George W. Bush]] to London in 2008]]

In Europe in 2002, vandalism of American companies was reported in Athens, Zürich, [[Tbilisi]], Moscow and elsewhere. In Venice, 8 to 10 masked individuals claiming to be anti-globalists attacked a McDonald's restaurant.<ref>{{Cite report
 |url         = http://www.pa-aware.org/resources/pdfs/Political%20Violence%20Against%20Americans%202002.pdf
 |title       = Political Violence Against Americans 2002
 |year        = 2003
 |publisher   = [[Bureau of Diplomatic Security]], [[United States Department of State|Department of State]]
 |editor      = Andrew Corsun
 |page        = 12
 |id          = 11054
 |access-date  = 5 December 2007
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071201032805/http://www.pa-aware.org/resources/pdfs/Political%20Violence%20Against%20Americans%202002.pdf
 |archive-date = 1 December 2007
 |via=Pennsylvania Terrorism - Awareness and Prevention
}}</ref>
In Athens, at the demonstrations commemorating the [[Athens Polytechnic uprising|17 November Uprising]] there was a march toward the U.S. embassy to emphasize the U.S. backing of the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974]] attended by many people each year.

Ruth Hatlapa, a PhD candidate at the [[University of Augsburg]], and Andrei S. Markovits, a professor of Political Science at the [[University of Michigan]], describe President Obama's image as that of an angel – or more precisely, a rock star – in Europe in contrast to Bush's devilish image there; they argue, however, that "Obamamania" masks a deep-seated distrust and disdain of America.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hatlapa | first1 = Ruth | last2 = Markovits | first2 = Andrei | year = 2010 | title = Obamamania and Anti-Americanism as Complementary Concepts in Contemporary German Discourse | journal = German Politics and Society | volume = 28 | issue = 1| pages = 69–94 | doi=10.3167/gps.2010.280105}}</ref>

According to a March 2025 report by YouGov, Western European attitudes towards the US have become more negative since Trump's re-election. The US is now viewed negatively by more than half of people in Britain (53%), Germany (56%), Sweden (63%) and Denmark (74%).<ref>{{cite news |title=Tourists are cancelling trips to the US – here’s how this could affect its economy |url=https://theconversation.com/tourists-are-cancelling-trips-to-the-us-heres-how-this-could-affect-its-economy-252858 |agency=The Conversation |date=28 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=European favourability of the USA falls following the return of Donald Trump {{!}} YouGov |url=https://yougov.co.uk/international/articles/51719-european-favourability-of-the-usa-falls-following-the-return-of-donald-trump |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=yougov.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> 

=====France=====
In France, the term [[Anglo-Saxon world|"Anglo-Saxon"]] is often used in expressions of anti-Americanism or [[Anglophobia]]. French writers have also used it in more nuanced ways in discussions about French decline, especially as an alternative model to which France should aspire, how France should adjust to its two most prominent global competitors, and how it should deal with social and economic modernization.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chabal | first1 = Emile | date = Spring 2013 | title = The Rise of the Anglo-Saxon: French Perceptions of the Anglo-American World in the Long Twentieth Century | journal = French Politics, Culture & Society | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 24–46 | doi=10.3167/fpcs.2013.310102}}</ref>

The [[First Indochina War]] in [[Indochina]] and the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956 caused dismay among the French right, which was already angered by the lack of American support during [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu in 1954]]. For the Socialists and Communists of the [[French left]], it was the [[Vietnam War]] and U.S. imperialism that were the sources of resentment.<ref name="test">{{cite book|author=Brendon O'Connor|title=Anti-Americanism: In the 21st century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-84645-027-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C&pg=PA53 53]|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C|url-status=live}}</ref> Much later, the alleged [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction in Iraq]] affair further dirtied the previously favorable image. In 2008, 85% of the French people considered the American government and banks to be most liable for the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>[http://www.csa-fr.com/dataset/data2008/opi20081002-l-opinion-des-francais-sur-la-crise-financiere-internationale.htm In France, 85 % French consider the US banks and government as responsible for the current crisis, published poll, 10/05/2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010002832/http://www.csa-fr.com/dataset/data2008/opi20081002-l-opinion-des-francais-sur-la-crise-financiere-internationale.htm|date=10 October 2009}}</ref>

In her contribution to the book ''Anti-Americanisms in World Politics'' edited by Peter Katzenstein and Robert Keohane in 2006, [[Sophie Meunier]] wrote about French anti-Americanism. She contends that although it has a long history (older than the U.S. itself) and is the most easily recognizable anti-Americanism in Europe, it may not have had real policy consequences on the United States and thus may have been less damaging than more pernicious and invisible anti-Americanism in other countries.<ref>[http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/cup_detail.taf?ti_id=4604 Book Review: Anti-Americanisms in world politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726062910/http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/cup_detail.taf?ti_id=4604 |date=26 July 2017 }}, Cornell University Press.</ref>

In 2013, 36% viewed the U.S. in a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" light.<ref name="pew">{{cite web|title=Opinion of the United States|work=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/custom-analysis/|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=23 December 2013|archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622020858/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/database/custom-analysis/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Richard Kuisel, an American scholar, has explored how France partly embraced American consumerism while rejecting much of American power and values. He wrote in 2013 that:

{{blockquote|America functioned as the "other" in configuring French identity. To be French was not to be American. Americans were conformists, materialists, racists, violent, and vulgar. The French were individualists, idealists, tolerant, and civilized. Americans adored wealth; the French worshiped {{sic}} ''la douceur de vivre.'' This caricature of America, which was already broadly endorsed at the beginning of the century, served to reinforce French national identity. At the end of the twentieth century, the French strategy [was to use] America as a foil, as a way of defining themselves as well as everything from their social policies to their notion of what constituted culture.<ref>Richard Kuisel, "The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power," ''H-France Forum'' (Spring 2013) 8#4 pp 41–45 [http://www.h-france.net/forum/forumvol8/Kuisel5.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825182224/http://h-france.net/forum/forumvol8/Kuisel5.pdf |date=25 August 2016 }}, referencing his major book, ''The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power'' (2012) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805144243/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n |date=5 August 2018 }}</ref>}}

In October 2016, French President [[François Hollande]] said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google or digital giants which do not pay the taxes they should in Europe, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank." French bank [[BNP Paribas]] was fined in 2014 for violating [[United States sanctions against Iran|U.S. sanctions against Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |title=France's Hollande criticises huge U.S. fines against corporate Europe |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/france-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9 |work=Reuters |date=October 12, 2016 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201655/https://www.reuters.com/article/france-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=====Germany=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Germany}}
[[File:Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8610.jpg|thumb|Protest against the deployment of [[Pershing II]] missiles in Europe, [[Bonn]], [[West Germany]], 1981]]
German naval planners in the 1890–1910 era denounced the [[Monroe Doctrine]] as a self-aggrandizing legal pretension to dominate the Western hemisphere. They were even more concerned with the [[Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty|possible American canal in Panama]], because it would lead to full American hegemony in the Caribbean. The stakes were laid out in the German war aims proposed by the Navy in 1903: a "firm position in the West Indies," a "free hand in South America," and an official "revocation of the [[Monroe Doctrine]]" would provide a solid foundation for "our trade to the [[West Indies]], [[Central America|Central]] and South America."<ref>{{cite book|author=Dirk Bönker|title=Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3Nhk1cMHoYC&pg=PA61|year=2012|publisher=Cornell U.P.|page=61|isbn=978-0801464355|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223035931/https://books.google.com/books?id=w3Nhk1cMHoYC&pg=PA61|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the Cold War, anti-Americanism was the official government policy in [[East Germany]], and dissenters were punished. In West Germany, anti-Americanism was the common position on the left, but the majority praised America as a protector against communism and a critical ally in rebuilding the nation.<ref>Dan Diner, ''America in the eyes of the Germans: an essay on anti-Americanism'' (Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996).</ref> Germany's refusal to support the American-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] was often seen as a manifestation of anti-Americanism.<ref>Tuomas Forsberg, "German foreign policy and the war on Iraq: anti-Americanism, pacifism or emancipation?." ''Security Dialogue'' (2005) 36#2 pp: 213–231. [https://dk-media.s3.amazonaws.com/AA/AT/gambillingonjustice-com/downloads/275731/German_foreign_policy_and_the_war_on_Iraq-_anti-Americanism__pacifism_or_emancipation.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907112623/https://dk-media.s3.amazonaws.com/AA/AT/gambillingonjustice-com/downloads/275731/German_foreign_policy_and_the_war_on_Iraq-_anti-Americanism__pacifism_or_emancipation.pdf |date=7 September 2021 }}</ref> Anti-Americanism had been muted on the right since 1945, but re-emerged in the 21st century especially in the [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD) party that began in opposition to European Union, and now has become both anti-American and anti-immigrant. Annoyance or distrust of the Americans was heightened in 2013 by revelations of [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|American spying on top German officials]], including Chancellor Merkel.<ref>"Ami go Home," [https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21642211-anti-americanism-always-strong-german-left-growing-right-ami-go-home  ''Economist'' 7 February 2015, p 51] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907115334/https://www.economist.com/europe/2015/02/05/ami-go-home |date=7 September 2021 }}</ref>

In the affair surrounding ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' journalist [[Claas Relotius]], U.S. Ambassador to Germany [[Richard Grenell]] wrote to the magazine complaining about an anti-American institutional bias ("Anti-Amerikanismus") and asked for an independent investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Connolly|first1=Kate|last2=Le Blond|first2=Josie|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/23/anti-america-bias-der-spiegel-scandal-relotius|title=Der Spiegel takes the blame for scandal of reporter who faked stories|work=The Guardian|date=23 December 2018|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828162415/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/23/anti-america-bias-der-spiegel-scandal-relotius|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article185986368/Fall-Relotius-US-Botschaft-wirft-Spiegel-eklatanten-Anti-Amerikanismus-vor.html|title=US-Botschaft wirft "Spiegel" "eklatanten Anti-Amerikanismus" vor|newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|date=December 22, 2018|language=de|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907112627/https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article185986368/Fall-Relotius-US-Botschaft-wirft-Spiegel-eklatanten-Anti-Amerikanismus-vor.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Grenell wrote that "These fake news stories largely focus on U.S. policies and certain segments of the American people."<ref>{{cite news |title=Der Spiegel to press charges against reporter who made up article about Fergus Falls, Minnesota |url=http://www.startribune.com/der-spiegel-to-press-charges-against-reporter-who-made-up-article-about-fergus-falls-minnesota/503414652/ |work=Star Tribune |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412065306/http://www.startribune.com/der-spiegel-to-press-charges-against-reporter-who-made-up-article-about-fergus-falls-minnesota/503414652/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 }}</ref>

German historian Darius Harwardt has noted that from 1980 onwards, the term has seen an increase in usage in [[Politics of Germany|German politics]], for example to discredit those that wish to close [[List of United States Army installations in Germany|American military bases in Germany]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=2018-07-11 |title=Germans actually want Donald Trump to pull US troops out of Germany, poll finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/us-troops-germany-public-opinion-pull-out-nato-summit-merkel-a8442021.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131094648/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/us-troops-germany-public-opinion-pull-out-nato-summit-merkel-a8442021.html |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-27 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

===== Greece =====
Although the Greeks have generally held a favorable attitude towards America and still do today, with 56.5% holding a favorable view in 2013<ref>{{cite web |title= Greece and the United States |url= https://kaparesearch.com/en/survey-on-greece-us-relations-2016/ |publisher= kaparesearch.com |access-date= 13 October 2021 |archive-date= 27 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175636/https://kaparesearch.com/en/survey-on-greece-us-relations-2016/ |url-status= live }}</ref> and 63% in 2021,<ref>{{cite web |title= America's Image Abroad Rebounds With Transition From Trump to Biden |date= 10 June 2021 |url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/ |publisher= pewresearch.org |access-date= 13 October 2021 |archive-date= 15 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211015061225/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/ |url-status= live }}</ref> Donald Trump was highly unpopular in Greece, with 73% having no confidence in him to do the right thing in world affairs.<ref>{{cite web |title= 1. Little trust in Trump's handling of international affairs |date= 8 January 2020 |url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/ |publisher= pewresearch.org |access-date= 13 October 2021 |archive-date= 16 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210816095706/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/ |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Joe Biden]] however is popular among the Greek public, with 67% having confidence in the American president.<ref>{{cite web |title= Most have confidence in Biden to do the right thing internationally |url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/pg_2021-06-10_us-image_00-021/ |publisher= pewresearch.org |access-date= 13 October 2021 |archive-date= 29 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173551/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/pg_2021-06-10_us-image_00-021/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

=====Netherlands=====
[[File:Anti kernwapendemonstratie in Den Haag ( 550 duizend deelnemers ) overzichten, Bestanddeelnr 253-8821.jpg|thumb|Protest against the deployment of Pershing II missiles, [[The Hague]], 1983]]
Although the Dutch have generally held a favorable attitude toward America, there were negative currents in the aftermath of World War II as the Dutch blamed American policy as the reason why their [[Dutch East Indies|colonies in Southeast Asia]] were able to gain [[independence]]. They credit their rescue from the Nazis in 1944–45 to the [[First Canadian Army|Canadian Army]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Teitler | first1 = G. | year = 1987 | title = Sea Power on the Decline: Anti-Americanism and the Royal Netherlands Navy, 1942–1952 | journal = European Contributions to American Studies | volume = 11 | pages = 72–84}}</ref> Postwar attitudes continued the perennial ambiguity of anti-Americanism: the love-hate relationship, or willingness to adopt American cultural patterns while at the same time voicing criticism of them.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kroes | first1 = Rob | year = 1987 | title = The Great Satan Versus the Evil Empire: Anti-Americanism in the Netherlands | journal = European Contributions to American Studies | volume = 11 | pages = 37–50}}</ref> In the 1960s, anti-Americanism revived largely in reaction against the Vietnam War. Its major early advocates were non-party-affiliated, left-wing students, journalists, and intellectuals. Dutch public opinion polls (1975–83) indicate a stable attitude toward the United States; only 10% of the people were deeply anti-American.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Koch | first1 = Koen | year = 1987 | title = Anti-Americanism and the Dutch Peace Movement | journal = European Contributions to American Studies | volume = 11 | pages = 97–111}}</ref> The most strident rhetoric came from the left wing of Dutch politics and can largely be attributed to the consequences of Dutch participation in NATO.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = DeGraaf | first1 = Bob | year = 1987 | title = Bogey or Saviour? The Image of the United States in the Netherlands during the Interwar Period | journal = European Contributions to American Studies | volume = 11 | pages = 51–71}}</ref>

=====United Kingdom=====
{{See also|Special Relationship#Public opinion}}
[[File:Yankee go home Liverpool.jpg|thumb|Anti-American banners in [[Liverpool]], UK]]
According to a Pew Global Attitudes Project poll, during the [[George W. Bush]] administration "favorable opinions" of America between 2000 and 2006 fell from 83% to 56% in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252 |title=America's Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas &#124; Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |date=13 June 2006 |publisher=Pewglobal.org |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008020203/http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252 |archive-date=8 October 2006 }}</ref>

News articles and blogs have discussed the negative experiences of Americans living in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4881474.stm |work=BBC News |title=Anti-Americanism 'feels like racism' |date=16 April 2006 |access-date=4 November 2006 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823063856/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4881474.stm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Anti-Americanism in Britain |url=http://www.anamericangirlinlondon.co.uk/?p=85 |publisher=An American Girl in London – blog |access-date=8 April 2015 |date=24 February 2013 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite web |title=Anti-American sentiment: Why is it acceptable? |url=http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=2328026 |publisher=The Student Room – blog |access-date=8 April 2015 |date=21 April 2013 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227055749/https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=2328026 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anti-American sentiment became more widespread in the United Kingdom following the [[Iraq War]] and the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the Working Group on Anti-Americanism|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/conferences/reports/fall/AA.pdf|publisher=The Princeton Project on National Security|access-date=8 April 2015|date=September 2005|page=24|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119073407/https://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/conferences/reports/fall/AA.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Book Review: The Long History of British Disdain for America|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703779704576074342437747736|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=8 April 2015|date=22 January 2011|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160000/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703779704576074342437747736|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Ireland=====
Negative sentiment towards American tourists is implied to have risen around 2012 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20120308/296580378364924|title=PressReader - Toronto Star: 2012-03-08 - Canadians' dream destinations|via=PressReader|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110183258/https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20120308/296580378364924|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/no-loud-americans-sign-in-county-kerry-ireland-slammed-by-local-residents-9627337.html|title='No loud Americans' sign in County Kerry slammed by locals|date=2014-07-24|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706095624/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/no-loud-americans-sign-in-county-kerry-ireland-slammed-by-local-residents-9627337.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Spain=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Spain}}
Anti-American sentiment is perceived to be deeply entrenched within elements of Spanish society, with several surveys conducted concerning the topic tending to back up that assertion. [[Spain]] ranks among the highest countries in terms of the level of anti-Americanism in [[Europe]]. According to a [[German Marshall Fund]] study, feelings towards the United States in Spain were among the least favourable in [[Europe]], second only to [[Turkey]]. The sentiment has not only been historically a left-wing phenomenon, but the United States is viewed very negatively by right-wing factions in Spain as well.