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==Bibliography== * Baldaro, E., & Raineri, L. (2020). "[[doi:10.1017/nps.2019.62|Azawad: A Parastate Between Nomads and Mujahidins?]]" Nationalities Papers, 48(1), 100–115. *{{Cite book|last1=Dubois|first1=Felix|last2=White|first2=Diana (trans.)|title=Timbuctoo the mysterious|publisher=Longmans|location=New York|year=1896|url=https://archive.org/details/timbuctoomyster01whitgoog}}. * {{Cite book|last=Fage|first=J. D.|author-link=John Donnelly Fage|title=An Introduction to the History of West Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1956|location=London|page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw9AAAAIAAJ&q=an+introduction+to+the+history+of+west+africa}} * {{Citation|last=Hacquard|first=Augustin|author-link=Augustin Hacquard|year=1900|title=Monographie de Tombouctou|publisher=Société des études coloniales & maritimes|place=Paris|url=https://archive.org/details/monographiedeto00hacqgoog}}. Also available from [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103743p Gallica]. * {{Cite book|last=Hunwick|first=J. O.|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume X|edition=2nd|year=2000|contribution=Timbuktu|publisher=Brill|place=Leiden|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofIslam10/Vol.10t-u#page/n532/mode/1up|isbn=90-04-11211-1|pages=508–510}}. * {{Cite book|last=Hunwick|first=John O.|author-link=John Hunwick|year=2003|title=Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents|publisher=Brill|place=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-12822-4}}. First published in 1999 as {{ISBN|90-04-11207-3}}. * {{Cite book|last=Imperato|first=Pascal James|title=Mali: A Search for Direction|year=1989|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=1-85521-049-5|location=Boulder CO}}. * {{Cite journal|last=Kaba|first=Lansine|year=1981|title=Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)|journal=Journal of African History|volume=22|issue=4|pages=457–475|jstor=181298|doi=10.1017/S0021853700019861|pmid=11632225|s2cid=41500711}}. * {{cite book|last1=Kirkby|first1=Coel|last2=Murray|first2=Christina|chapter=Elusive Autonomy in Sub-Saharan Africa|title=Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts|editor1-first=Marc|editor1-last=Weller|editor2-first=Katherine|editor2-last=Nobbs|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2010|pages=97–120|isbn=978-0-8122-4230-0}} * {{Citation|first=Roderick J.|last=McIntosh|title=Before Timbuktu: cities of the Elder World|work=The Meanings of Timbuktu|publisher=HSRC Press|year=2008|pages=31–43|url=http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_3_-_Before_Timbuktu__cities_of_the_elder_world.pdf|access-date=9 April 2012|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927230051/https://codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_3_-_Before_Timbuktu__cities_of_the_elder_world.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Saad|first=Elias N.|year=1983|title=Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-24603-2}}.
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