Editing Bell test (section)

=== Hensen et al., Giustina et al., Shalm et al. (2015): "loophole-free" Bell tests ===
<!-- Note: The first author in the Ronald Hanson group is "B. Hensen" -->
In 2015 the first three significant-loophole-free Bell-tests were published within three months<!-- Timespan: 78 days--> by independent groups in Delft, Vienna and Boulder. All three tests simultaneously addressed the detection loophole, the locality loophole, and the memory loophole. This makes them “loophole-free” in the sense that all remaining conceivable loopholes like [[superdeterminism]] require truly exotic hypotheses that might never get closed experimentally.

The first published experiment by Hensen et al.<ref name="Hensen et al." /> used a photonic link to entangle the [[Electron magnetic moment|electron spins]] of two [[Nitrogen-vacancy center|nitrogen-vacancy]] defect centres in diamonds 1.3 kilometers apart and measured a violation of the CHSH inequality (''S'' = 2.42 ± 0.20). Thereby the local-realist hypothesis could be rejected with a [[p-value|''p''-value]] of 0.039.

Both simultaneously published experiments by Giustina et al.<ref name="Zeilinger-2015">{{Cite journal|last1=Giustina |first1=Marissa |last2=Versteegh |first2=Marijn A. M. |last3=Wengerowsky |first3=Soeren |last4=Handsteiner |first4=Johannes |last5=Hochrainer |first5=Armin |last6=Phelan |first6=Kevin |last7=Steinlechner |first7=Fabian |last8=Kofler |first8=Johannes |last9=Larsson |first9=Jan-Ake |last10=Abellan |first10=Carlos |last11=Amaya |first11=Waldimar |last12=Pruneri |first12=Valerio |last13=Mitchell |first13=Morgan W. |last14=Beyer |first14=Joern |last15=Gerrits |first15=Thomas |last16=Lita |first16=Adriana E. |last17=Shalm |first17=Lynden K. |last18=Nam |first18=Sae Woo |last19=Scheidl |first19=Thomas |last20=Ursin |first20=Rupert |last21=Wittmann |first21=Bernhard |last22=Zeilinger |first22=Anton |arxiv=1511.03190 |title=A significant-loophole-free test of Bell's theorem with entangled photons |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=115 |issue=25 |pages=250401 |date=2015|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.250401 |pmid=26722905 |bibcode=2015PhRvL.115y0401G |s2cid=13789503 }}</ref>
and Shalm et al.<ref name="Kwiat-2015">{{cite journal |first1=Lynden K.|last1=Shalm |first2=Evan|last2=Meyer-Scott |first3=Bradley G.|last3=Christensen |first4=Peter|last4=Bierhorst |first5=Michael A.|last5=Wayne |first6=Martin J.|last6=Stevens |first7=Thomas|last7=Gerrits |first8=Scott|last8=Glancy |first9=Deny R.|last9=Hamel |first10=Michael S.|last10=Allman |first11=Kevin J.|last11=Coakley |first12=Shellee D.|last12=Dyer |first13=Carson|last13=Hodge |first14=Adriana E.|last14=Lita |first15=Varun B.|last15=Verma |first16=Camilla|last16=Lambrocco |first17=Edward|last17=Tortorici |first18=Alan L.|last18=Migdall |first19=Yanbao|last19=Zhang |first20=Daniel R.|last20=Kumor |first21=William H.|last21=Farr |first22=Francesco|last22=Marsili |first23=Matthew D.|last23=Shaw |first24=Jeffrey A.|last24=Stern |first25=Carlos|last25=Abellán |first26=Waldimar|last26=Amaya |first27=Valerio|last27=Pruneri |first28=Thomas|last28=Jennewein |first29=Morgan W.|last29=Mitchell |first30=Paul G.|last30=Kwiat |first31=Joshua C.|last31=Bienfang |first32=Richard P.|last32=Mirin |first33=Emanuel|last33=Knill |first34=Sae Woo|last34=Nam |arxiv=1511.03189 |title=A strong loophole-free test of local realism |date=2015 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.250402 |pmid=26722906 |pmc=5815856 |volume=115 |issue=25 |journal=Phys Rev Lett |page=250402|bibcode = 2015PhRvL.115y0402S |display-authors=29 }}</ref>
used entangled photons to obtain a Bell inequality violation with high statistical significance (p-value ≪10<sup>−6</sup>). Notably, the experiment by Shalm et al. also combined three types of (quasi-)random number generators to determine the measurement basis choices. One of these methods, detailed in an ancillary file, is the “'Cultural' [[Pseudorandom number generator|pseudorandom]] source” which involved using bit strings from popular media such as the [[Back to the Future (franchise)|''Back to the Future'' films]], ''[[Star Trek: Beyond the Final Frontier]]'', ''[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]'', and the television shows ''[[Saved by the Bell]]'' and ''[[Doctor Who|Dr. Who]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=1511.03189|last1=Shalm|first1=Lynden K|title=A strong loophole-free test of local realism|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=115|issue=25|pages=250402|last2=Meyer-Scott|first2=Evan|last3=Christensen|first3=Bradley G|last4=Bierhorst|first4=Peter|last5=Wayne|first5=Michael A|last6=Stevens|first6=Martin J|last7=Gerrits|first7=Thomas|last8=Glancy|first8=Scott|last9=Hamel|first9=Deny R|last10=Allman|first10=Michael S|last11=Coakley|first11=Kevin J|last12=Dyer|first12=Shellee D|last13=Hodge|first13=Carson|last14=Lita|first14=Adriana E|last15=Verma|first15=Varun B|last16=Lambrocco|first16=Camilla|last17=Tortorici|first17=Edward|last18=Migdall|first18=Alan L|last19=Zhang|first19=Yanbao|last20=Kumor|first20=Daniel R|last21=Farr|first21=William H|last22=Marsili|first22=Francesco|last23=Shaw|first23=Matthew D|last24=Stern|first24=Jeffrey A|last25=Abellán|first25=Carlos|last26=Amaya|first26=Waldimar|last27=Pruneri|first27=Valerio|last28=Jennewein|first28=Thomas|last29=Mitchell|first29=Morgan W|last30=Kwiat|first30=Paul G|display-authors=29|year=2015|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.250402|pmid=26722906|pmc=5815856|bibcode=2015PhRvL.115y0402S}}</ref>