Editing Cluj-Napoca (section)

== Demographics ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:93%; width:310px; height:16px; border:0; text-align:left; line-height:120%; margin-left:10px; margin-bottom:10px"
|-
|colspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#f4f4f4;" height=24px|'''Historical population of Cluj-Napoca'''
|-
! Year
! Population
! %±
! Romanians
! Hungarians
|-
|1453 est.
|6,000<ref>Pascu 1974, p.102</ref>
|—
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1703
|7,500<ref name="Pascu-1974">Pascu 1974, pp.222–3</ref>
|25%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1714
|5,000<ref>Pascu et al. 1957, p.60</ref>
|−33.3%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1770
|10,500<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trócsányi |first=Zsolt |title=History of Transylvania |url=http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/286.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319212414/http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/286.html |archive-date=19 March 2011 |access-date=5 April 2012 |publisher=Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>
|110%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1785
|9,703<ref name="Pascu-1974"/><ref name="Elek-1888">Jakab Elek, ''Kolozsvar Tortenete'', II, Okleveltar, Budapesta, 1888, p.750</ref>
|−7.6%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1787
|10,476<ref name="Pascu-1974"/><ref name="Elek-1888"/>
|7.9%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1835
|14,000<ref name="Pascu-1974"/><ref>Katona Lajos, ''Kolozsvar terulete es nepessege'', in "Kolozsvari Szemle", 1943, no.4, p.294</ref>
| 33.6%
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|1850
|19,612
|40%
|21.0%
|62.8%
|-
|1880
|32,831
|67.4%
|17.1%
|72.1%
|-
|1890
|37,184
|13.2%
|15.2%
|79.1%
|-
|1900
|50,908
|36.9%
|14.1%
|81.1%
|-
|1910 census{{ref label|b|b|none}}
|62,733
|23.2%
|14.2%
|81.6%
|-
|1920
|85,509
|36.3%
|34.7%
|49.3%
|-
|1930 census
|100,844<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brubaker |first=Rogers |date=24 September 2008 |title=Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town |url=http://www.excelentnauniverzita.sk/material/temac/brubaker/handout-Nationalist-Politics-and-Everyday-Ethnicity.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5zKdmQm3m?url=http://www.excelentnauniverzita.sk/material/temac/brubaker/handout-Nationalist-Politics-and-Everyday-Ethnicity.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2011 |access-date=2011-04-09 |publisher=National Program Excellent University}}</ref>
|17.9%
|34.6%
|47.3%
|-
|1941{{ref label|c|c|none}}{{ref label|d|d|none}}
|114,984
|14%
|9.8%
|85.7%
|-
|1948 census
|117,915
|2.5%
|40%
|57%
|-
|1956 census{{ref label|e|e|none}}
|154,723
|31.2%
|47.8%
|47.9%
|-
|1966 census
|185,663
|20%
|56.5%
|41.4%
|-
|1977 census
|262,858
|41.5%
|65.8%
|32.8%
|-
|1992 census
|328,602
|25%
|76.6%
|22.7%
|-
|2002 census
|317,953<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipiul Cluj-Napoca (data based on the 2002 census) |url=http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=819 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307114551/http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/?pg=3&id=819 |archive-date=7 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Fundația Jakabffy Elemér |language=ro}}</ref>
|−3.2%
|79.4%
|19.0%
|-
|[[2011 Romanian census|2011 census]]{{ref label|f|f|none}}
|324,576<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele finale ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011 |url=http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/files%5Cdeclaratii%5CComunicat_definitive_Cluj.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504103241/http://www.cluj.insse.ro/cmscluj/files%5Cdeclaratii%5CComunicat_definitive_Cluj.doc |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=2013-07-05 |publisher=Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate}}</ref><ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013"/><ref name="INS-2013">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118131243/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=2013-07-22 |publisher=National Institute of Statistics}}</ref>
|2.1%
|81.5%
|16.4%
|-
|[[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]]
|286,598<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rezultate definitive: Caracteristici etno-culturale demografice |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-rpl-2021/rezultate-definitive-caracteristici-etno-culturale-demografice/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Recensamantromania.ro}}</ref>
|−11.7%
|84.6%
|13.9%
|-
|colspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#f4f4f4;" height=24px|
Source (if not otherwise specified):<br />Varga E. Árpád<ref name="Varga"/>
|}
The city's population, at the [[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]], was 286,598 inhabitants,<ref name="INSSE-2023" /> marking a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census (324,576 inhabitants). The population of the [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area]] was estimated at 411,379 (2011).<ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013"/><ref name="CJ Cluj"/> As defined by [[Eurostat]], the Cluj-Napoca [[functional urban area]] has a population of 379,733 residents ({{as of|2015|lc=y}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/data/database |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123090649/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/cities/data/database |archive-date=23 January 2015 |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> Finally, the population of the peri-urban area numbers over 420,000 residents.<ref name="Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate-2013"/><ref name="Cluj County Council"/> The new [[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area|metropolitan government of Cluj-Napoca]] became operational in December 2008.<ref name="Ziua de Cluj-2009"/> According to the 2007 data provided by the County Population Register Service, the total population of the city is as high as 392,276 people.<ref name="Foaia Transilvană-2008"/> The variation between this number and the census data is partially explained by the real growth of the population residing in Cluj-Napoca, as well as by different counting methods: "In reality, more people live in Cluj than those who are officially registered", Traian Rotariu, director of the Centre for Population Studies, told ''Foaia Transilvană''.<ref name="Foaia Transilvană-2008"/> Moreover, this number does not include the floating population—an average of over 20 thousand people each year during 2004–2007, according to the same source.<ref name="Foaia Transilvană-2008"/>

<div style="float:left">
{{Pie chart
|thumb=left
|caption=Ethnic composition of Cluj-Napoca (2021)
|label1=[[Romanians]]|value1=84.57|color1=#8080ff
|label2=[[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]]|value2=13.91|color2=#80ff80
|label3=[[Romani people in Romania|Romani]]|value3=0.73|color3=#80ffff
|label4=[[Germans of Romania|Germans]] <small>([[Transylvanian Saxons]])</small>|value4=0.18|color4=#ff80ff
|label5=[[Minorities of Romania|Others]]|value5=0.61|color5=#9f9f9f}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb=right
|caption=Religious composition of Cluj-Napoca (2021)
|label1=[[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]]|value1=68.82|color1=#8080ff
|label2=[[Reformed Church in Romania|Reformed]]|value2=9.45|color2=#80ff80
|label3=[[Catholic Church in Romania|Roman Catholics]]|value3=4.69|color3=#ffff80
|label4=[[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholics]]|value4=4.61|color4=#ff80ff
|label5=[[Pentecostal Union of Romania|Pentecostals]]|value5=2.97|color5=#3fc03f
|label6=[[Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Romania|Baptists]]|value6=1.55|color6=#80ffff
|label7=[[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarians]]|value7=0.91|color7=#3fc0c0
|label8=[[Jehovah's Witnesses Association of Romania|Jehovah's Witnesses]]|value8=0.68|color8=#3f3fc0
|label9=Others|value9=1.35|color9=#9f9f9f
|label10=[[Irreligion|Irreligious]], [[Atheism|atheist]], and [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]|value10=4.96|color10=#555555}}
</div>

In the modern era, Cluj's population experienced two phases of rapid growth, the first in the late 19th century, when the city grew in importance and size, and the second during the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist period]], when a massive urbanisation campaign was launched and many people [[Urbanization|migrated from rural areas]] and from beyond the Carpathians to the county's capital.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.112</ref> About two-thirds of the population growth during this era was based on [[Net migration rate|net migration]] inflows; after 1966, the date of Ceaușescu's ban on abortion and contraception, [[natural increase]] was also significant, being responsible for the remaining third.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-3" />

From the [[Middle Ages]] onwards, the city of Cluj has been a multicultural city with a diverse cultural and religious life. In 1930, the city was 26.7% Reformed, 22.6% Greek Catholic, 20.1% Roman Catholic, 13.4% Jewish, 11.8% Orthodox, 2.4% Lutheran and 2.1% Unitarian.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Cluj_religie_1930.jpg |title=Populația Statornică în 1930 După Religie |publisher=Institutul Central de Statistică |volume=2, Part 2 |page=588 |language=ro |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625131120/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Cluj_religie_1930.jpg |archive-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Contributing factors for demographic shifts were the extermination<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2006 |title=Cluj Children Survivors |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Holocaust/0127_Cluj-survivors.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223124826/http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/holocaust/0127_Cluj-survivors.html |archive-date=23 December 2007 |access-date=2008-04-05 |publisher=JewishGen}}</ref> and emigration<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2007 |title=Background Note: Romania |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604191232/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=2008-04-05 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> of the city's Jews, the outlawing of the Greek-Catholic Church (1948–89)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boia, Lucian |url=https://archive.org/details/romaniareaktionb00boia |title=Romania: Borderland of Europe |last2=Christian, James |publisher=Reaktion |year=2001 |isbn=1-86189-103-2 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/romaniareaktionb00boia/page/n151 150] |url-access=limited |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> and the gradual decline in the Hungarian population.

On a more historical note, the Jewish community has figured centrally in the history of Transylvania, and in that of the wider region.<ref name="Brubaker et al-4">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.17–8</ref> They were a substantial and increasingly vibrant presence in Cluj in the modern era, contributing significantly to the town's economic dynamism and cultural flourishing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name="Brubaker et al-4"/> Although the community comprised a significant share of the town's population during the interwar era—between 13 and 15 percent<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolfgang Mueller |url=http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/0xc1aa500d_0x0013e44a |title=Osteuropa vom Weltkrieg zur Wende |last2=Michael Portmann |publisher=[[Austrian Academy of Sciences|ÖAW]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-7001-3791-7 |page=39 |access-date=2008-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820104915/http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/0xc1aa500d_0x0013e44a |archive-date=20 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>—this figure plummeted as a consequence of the [[Holocaust]] and emigration; by the 1990s only a few hundred Jews remained in Cluj-Napoca.<ref name="Brubaker et al-4"/>
[[File:Biserica romano-catolica sf. Mihai.jpg|thumb|left|[[St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca|St. Michael's Church]], the city's largest [[Gothic architecture|Gothic-style]] church|225x225px]]
In the 14th century, most of the town's inhabitants and the local elite were [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxons]],<ref name="Brubaker et al-2"/> largely descended from settlers brought in by the [[King of Hungary|Kings of Hungary]] in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries<ref name="Niessen-2006">{{Cite web |last=James P. Niessen |year=2006 |title=Museums, Nationality, and Public Research Libraries in Nineteenth-Century Transylvania |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/libraries_and_culture/v041/41.3niessen.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904095224/http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/libraries_and_culture/v041/41.3niessen.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-04 |access-date=2008-05-27 |website=[[University of Texas Press]] |publisher=[[Project MUSE]] |pages=304}}</ref> to develop and defend the southern borders of the province.<ref name="Niessen-2006" /> By the middle of the next century roughly half the population had Hungarian names. In Transylvania as a whole, the Reformation sharpened ethnic divisions: Saxons became Lutheran while Hungarians either remained Catholic or became Calvinist or Unitarian. In Kolozsvár, however, the religious lines were blurred. Isolated both geographically from the main areas of German settlement in southern Transylvania<ref name="Brubaker et al-4"/> and institutionally because of their distinctive religious trajectory, many Saxons eventually assimilated to the Hungarian majority over several generations. New settlers to the town largely spoke Hungarian, a language that many Saxons gradually adopted.<ref name="Brubaker et al-2"/> (In the seventeenth century, out of more than thirty royal free towns, only seven had a Hungarian majority, with Kolozsvár/Klausenburg being one of them;<ref name="Szelényi-2004">{{Cite journal |last=Szelényi |first=Balázs |date=April 2004 |title=The Dynamics of Urban Development: Towns in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Hungary |url=http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/journals/ahr/109.2/szelenyi.html#FOOT31 |url-status=dead |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |page=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913010218/http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/journals/ahr/109.2/szelenyi.html#FOOT31 |archive-date=2006-09-13 |access-date=2008-05-27}}</ref> the rest were largely German-dominated.<ref name="Szelényi-2004"/>) In this manner Kolozsvár became largely Hungarian speaking and would remain so through the mid-20th century, though 4.8% of its residents identified as German as late as 1880.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.93</ref>

The [[Romani people in Romania|Roma]] form a sizable minority in contemporary Romania, and a small but visible presence in Cluj-Napoca: self-identifying Roma in the city comprise only 1 percent of the population; yet they are a familiar presence in and around the central market, selling flowers, used clothes, and tinware.<ref name="Brubaker et al-4"/> They are an important object of public discourse and media representation at the national level; however, Cluj-Napoca, with its small Roma population, has not been a major focus of Roma ethno-political activity.<ref name="Brubaker et al-4"/> The presence of Roma in Cluj is attested at least from the 16th century. Roma who had arrived from elsewhere built huts that were considered a fire hazard; in 1585, the town council voted for their demolition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Achim, Viorel |url=https://books.openedition.org/ceup/1549 |title=The Roma in Romanian History |publisher=Central European University Press |year=1998 |chapter=Chapter I. The Arrival of the Gypsies on the Territory of Romania|isbn=978-963-9241-84-8 |location=Budapest}}</ref>

===Hungarian community===
[[File:Casa Matei Corvin Cluj Napoca.JPG|thumb|[[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] Alley, facing the birthplace of the eponymous [[King of Hungary]]]]
Almost 50,000 [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]] live in Cluj-Napoca. The city is home to the second-largest urban Hungarian community in Romania, after [[Târgu Mureș]],<ref name="INS-2013"/> with an active cultural and academic life: the city features a [[Hungarian Theatre of Cluj|Hungarian state theatre]] and [[Cluj-Napoca Hungarian Opera|opera]], as well as Hungarian research institutions, such as ''Erdélyi Múzeumi Egyesület'' (EME), ''Erdélyi Magyar Műszaki Tudományos Társaság'' and ''Bolyai Társaság''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiss |first=Dénes |title=Romániai magyar kulturális intézmények adatbázisa |url=http://kulturalis.adatbank.transindex.ro/?a=keres&telepules=146 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327152448/http://kulturalis.adatbank.transindex.ro/?a=keres&telepules=146 |archive-date=27 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-18 |language=hu}}</ref> With respect to religious affairs, the city houses central offices for the [[Reformed Church in Romania|Reformed]] Diocese of Transylvania, the [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarian]] Diocese and an Evangelical Lutheran Church Diocese (all of which train their clergy at the [[Protestant Theological Institute of Cluj]]). Several newspapers and magazines are published in the [[Hungarian language]], yet the community also receives public and private television and radio broadcasts (see [[Cluj-Napoca#Culture and media|Culture and media]]). {{As of|2007}}, 7,000 students attended courses in the 55 Hungarian-language specialisations at the [[Babeș-Bolyai University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Babeș-Bolyai University today |url=http://www.ubbcluj.ro/ro/publice/files/statistica.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627181915/http://www.ubbcluj.ro/ro/publice/files/statistica.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2008 |access-date=2008-03-12 |publisher=UBB |language=ro}}</ref> [[Gheorghe Funar]], mayor of Cluj-Napoca from 1992 to 2004, was notorious for acts of ethnic provocation, bedecking the city's streets in the colours of the Romanian flag and arranging pickets outside the city's Hungarian consulate; however, tensions have subsided since.<ref name="Financial Times-2008"/> Since 2010, the [[Hungarian Cultural Days of Cluj]] festival takes place each summer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zilele Culturale Maghiare din Cluj |url=http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/zilele-culturale-maghiare-cluj-500-evenimente-concerte-plimbari-copie-barci-medievale-dezbateri-puteti-parcul-central-1_598b02e75ab6550cb8dd6f18/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328232601/http://adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/zilele-culturale-maghiare-cluj-500-evenimente-concerte-plimbari-copie-barci-medievale-dezbateri-puteti-parcul-central-1_598b02e75ab6550cb8dd6f18/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-28 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref>