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Collective action
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====Game theory==== Traditionally [[game theory]] has been used to study [[zero-sum games]] but has been extended to many [[game theory#Game types|different types of games]]. Relevant to the study of spontaneous consensus are [[cooperative game theory|cooperative]] and [[non-cooperative game theory|non-cooperative]] games. Since a consensus must be reached without the presence of any external authoritative institution for it to be considered ''spontaneous'', non-cooperative games and [[Nash equilibrium]] have been the dominant paradigm for which to study its emergence. In the context of non-cooperative games, a consensus is a formal Nash equilibrium that all players tend towards through [[self-enforcing agreement|self-enforcing]] alliances or agreements. An important case study of the underlying mathematical dynamics is the [[coordination game]]. Even when coordination is desired, it can be difficult to achieve due to incomplete information and constrained time horizons.
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