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Complexity
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=== Application in cosmology === [[Eric Chaisson]] has advanced a cosmological complexity <ref>Chaisson Eric J. 2002. Cosmic Evolution - the Rise of Complexity in Nature. Harvard University Press.https://www.worldcat.org/title/1023218202</ref> metric which he terms Energy Rate Density.<ref>Chaisson, Eric J.. βEnergy rate density. II. Probing further a new complexity metric.β Complex. 17 (2011): 44-63.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cplx.20373 , https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~ejchaisson/reprints/EnergyRateDensity_II_galley_2011.pdf</ref> This approach has been expanded in various works, most recently applied to measuring evolving complexity of nation-states and their growing cities.<ref>Chaisson, Eric J. "Energy Budgets of Evolving Nations and Their Growing Cities", Energies 15, no. 21 (2022): 8212.</ref>
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