Editing Concubinage (section)

=== Brazil ===
In [[colonial Brazil]], men were expected to marry women who were equal to them in status and wealth. Alternatively, some men practiced concubinage, an extra-marital sexual relationship.<ref name=Higgins1>{{cite book |title="Licentious Liberty" in a Brazilian Gold-Mining Region: Slavery, Gender, and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Sabara, Minas Gerais |first1=Kathleen J. |last1=Higgins |pages=108–09}}</ref> This sort of relationship was condemned by the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Council of Trent]] threatened those who engaged in it with [[excommunication]].<ref name=Higgins1/> Concubines constituted both female slaves and former slaves.<ref name=Higgins2>{{cite book |title="Licentious Liberty" in a Brazilian Gold-Mining Region: Slavery, Gender, and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Sabara, Minas Gerais |first1=Kathleen J. |last1=Higgins |pages=117–18}}</ref> One reason for taking non-white women as concubines was that free white men outnumbered free white women, although marriage between races was not illegal.<ref name=Higgins2/>