Editing Concussion (section)

===Post-concussion syndrome===
{{Main|Post-concussion syndrome}}
In post-concussion syndrome, symptoms do not resolve for weeks, months, or years after a concussion, and may occasionally be permanent.<ref name="Ryan03">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ryan LM, Warden DL | title = Post concussion syndrome | journal = International Review of Psychiatry | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 310–316 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 15276952 | doi = 10.1080/09540260310001606692 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1234457 | access-date = 2019-07-13 | url-status = live | s2cid = 32790756 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191210010140/https://zenodo.org/record/1234457 | archive-date = 2019-12-10 }}</ref> About 10% to 20% of people have persisting concussion symptoms for more than a month.<ref name="Prognosticators of persistent sympt"/> Symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, [[anxiety]], memory and attention problems, sleep problems, and irritability.<ref name="Boake">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boake C, McCauley SR, Levin HS, Pedroza C, Contant CF, Song JX, Brown SA, Goodman H, Brundage SI, Diaz-Marchan PJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Diagnostic criteria for postconcussional syndrome after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury | journal = The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 350–356 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16179657 | doi = 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17.3.350 | url = http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/17/3/350 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20061006012312/http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/17/3/350 | archive-date = 2006-10-06 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Rest, a previously recommended recovery technique, has limited effectiveness.<ref name="Willer06">
{{cite journal | vauthors = Willer B, Leddy JJ | title = Management of concussion and post-concussion syndrome | journal = Current Treatment Options in Neurology | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 415–426 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16901381 | doi = 10.1007/s11940-006-0031-9 | s2cid = 15289680 }}
</ref> A recommended treatment in both children and adults with symptoms beyond 4 weeks involves an active rehabilitation program with reintroduction of non-contact aerobic activity.<ref name="CDC2018JAMA"/> Progressive physical exercise has been shown to reduce long-term post-concussive symptoms.<ref name="CDC2018JAMA" /> Symptoms usually go away on their own within months<ref name=ParikhKoch/> but may last for years.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Klein A|title=Pure oxygen can help concussion|journal=New Scientist|volume=236|issue=3151|pages=10|date=Nov 11, 2017|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631514-600|bibcode=2017NewSc.236...10K|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(17)32192-9|access-date=November 11, 2017|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308215748/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2152247-breathing-pure-oxygen-could-heal-footballers-with-concussion/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="pmid29376093">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mouzon BC, Bachmeier C, Ojo JO, Acker CM, Ferguson S, Paris D, Ait-Ghezala G, Crynen G, Davies P, Mullan M, Stewart W, Crawford F | display-authors = 6 | title = Lifelong behavioral and neuropathological consequences of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury | journal = Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 64–80 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29376093 | pmc = 5771321 | doi = 10.1002/acn3.510 }} *{{lay source |template = cite web|url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171214100835.htm|title = Mild traumatic brain injury causes long-term damage in mice|date = December 14, 2017 |website = Science Daily  }}</ref> The question of whether the syndrome is due to structural damage or other factors such as psychological ones, or a combination of these, has long been the subject of debate.<ref name="Bryant08">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bryant RA | title = Disentangling mild traumatic brain injury and stress reactions | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 358 | issue = 5 | pages = 525–527 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18234757 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMe078235 }}</ref>