Editing Consonant mutation (section)

=== Fula ===

Consonant mutation is a prominent feature of the [[Fula language]]. The Gombe dialect spoken in [[Nigeria]], for example, shows mutation triggered by [[declension]] class.<ref>{{cite book|last=Arnott|first=D. W.|title=The Nominal and Verbal Systems of Fula|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1970}}</ref> The mutation grades are [[fortition]] and [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalization]]:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
! Radical !! Fortition !! Prenasalization
|-
| f || p || p
|-
| s || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʃ}}
|-
| h || k || k
|-
| w || b || mb
|-
| r || d || nd
|-
| j || {{IPA|dʒ}}, ɡ || {{IPA|ɲdʒ}}, {{IPA|ŋɡ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɣ}} || ɡ || {{IPA|ŋɡ}}
|}

For example, the stems '''rim-''' 'free man' and '''{{IPA|[ɣim-]}}''' 'person' have the following forms:
*{{IPA|['''r'''imɓe]}} (class 2), '''d'''imo (class 1), '''nd'''imon (class 6)
*{{IPA|['''ɣ'''imɓe]}} (class 2), '''g'''imɗo (class 1), '''ŋg'''imkon (class 6)