Editing Elephant (section)

===Communication===
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{{main article|Elephant communication}}
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|image1=Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|caption1=Asian elephants greeting each other by inter-twining their trunks
|image2=Loxodonta africana oral rumble visualized with acoustic camera (25fps) - pone.0048907.s003.ogv|caption2=Low frequency rumble visualised with acoustic camera}}
Elephants communicate in various ways. Individuals greet one another by touching each other on the mouth, temporal glands, and genitals. This allows them to pick up chemical cues. Older elephants use trunk-slaps, kicks, and shoves to control younger ones. Touching is especially important for mother–calf communication. When moving, elephant mothers will touch their calves with their trunks or feet when side-by-side or with their tails if the calf is behind them. A calf will press against its mother's front legs to signal it wants to rest and will touch her breast or leg when it wants to suckle.<ref>Payne and Langbauer, p. 116.</ref>

Visual displays mostly occur in agonistic situations. Elephants will try to appear more threatening by raising their heads and spreading their ears. They may add to the display by shaking their heads and snapping their ears, as well as tossing around dust and vegetation. They are usually bluffing when performing these actions. Excited elephants also raise their heads and spread their ears but additionally may raise their trunks. Submissive elephants will lower their heads and trunks, as well as flatten their ears against their necks, while those that are ready to fight will bend their ears in a V shape.<ref>Payne and Langbauer, pp. 119–20.</ref>

Elephants produce several vocalisations—some of which pass through the trunk<ref name=Shoshani120>Payne and Langbauer, pp. 120–21.</ref>—for both short and long range communication. This includes trumpeting, [[Bellow (sound)|bellowing]], [[roaring]], [[growling]], [[Bark (sound)|barking]], snorting, and [[Rumble (noise)|rumbling]].<ref name=Shoshani120/><ref>Sukumar, p. 141.</ref> Elephants can produce [[Infrasound|infrasonic]] rumbles.<ref name="infrasonic">{{cite journal| author1= Herbest, C. T.| author2 = Stoeger, A.| author3 = Frey, R.| author4 = Lohscheller, J.| author5 = Titze, I. R.| author6 = Gumpenberger, M.| author7 = Fitch, W. T.|s2cid=32792564|year=2012|title=How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations|journal= Science|volume=337|issue=6094|pages=595–599|doi=10.1126/science.1219712|pmid=22859490|bibcode=2012Sci...337..595H}}</ref> For Asian elephants, these calls have a frequency of 14–24&nbsp;[[Hertz|Hz]], with [[sound pressure]] levels of 85–90&nbsp;[[Decibel|dB]] and last 10–15 seconds.<ref name="Payne">{{cite journal|author1=Payne, K. B. |author2=Langbauer, W. R. |author3=Thomas, E. M. |s2cid=1480496 |year=1986|title=Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus'')|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=18|issue=4|pages=297–301|doi=10.1007/BF00300007|bibcode=1986BEcoS..18..297P }}</ref> For African elephants, calls range from 15 to 35&nbsp;Hz with sound pressure levels as high as 117&nbsp;dB, allowing communication for many kilometres, possibly over {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Larom">{{cite journal|author1=Larom, D.|author2=Garstang, M. |author3=Payne, K. |author4=Raspet, R. |author5=Lindeque, M. |year=1997|title=The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=200|pages=421–431|pmid=9057305|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/200/3/421.pdf|issue=Pt 3|doi=10.1242/jeb.200.3.421 }}</ref> Elephants are known to [[seismic communication|communicate with seismics]], vibrations produced by impacts on the earth's surface or acoustical waves that travel through it. An individual foot stomping or mock charging can create seismic signals that can be heard at travel distances of up to {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Seismic waveforms produced by rumbles travel {{convert|16|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E.|author2=Wood, J. D. |author3=Rodwell, T. C. |author4=Puria, S. |author5=Partan, S. R. |author6=Keefe, R. |author7=Shriver, D. |author8=Arnason, B. T. |author9=Hart, L. A. |s2cid=33221888 |year=2006 |title=Wild elephant (''Loxodonta africana'') breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli |journal=Behavioural and Ecological Sociobiology |volume=59 |pages=842–850 |doi=10.1007/s00265-005-0136-2 |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/bec/papers/OConnellRodwell_4.16.07.pdf |issue=6 |bibcode=2006BEcoS..59..842O |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203071054/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/bec/papers/OConnellRodwell_4.16.07.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=O'Connell-Rodwell C. E. |author2=Arnason, B. |author3=Hart, L. A. |year=2000|title=Seismic properties of Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus'') vocalizations and locomotion|journal=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=108|issue=6|pages=3066–3072|pmid=11144599|doi=10.1121/1.1323460|bibcode=2000ASAJ..108.3066O}}</ref>