Editing Fuel injection (section)

=== 1940s–1950s: WWII aircraft and early direct-injection petrol engines ===
During [[World War II]], several petrol engines for aircraft used direct-injection systems, such as the European [[Junkers Jumo 210]], [[Daimler-Benz DB 601]], [[BMW 801]], and the [[Shvetsov ASh-82|Shvetsov ASh-82FN (M-82FN)]]. The German direct-injection systems were based on diesel injection systems used by Bosch, Deckel, Junkers and l'Orange.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 10</ref> By around 1943, the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] and [[Wright R-3350]] had switched from traditional carburettors to fuel-injection (called "pressure carburettors" at the time), however these engines used throttle body [[#Manifold injection|manifold injection]], rather than the direct-injection systems of the German engines. From 1940, the [[Mitsubishi Kinsei|Mitsubishi Kinsei 60 series]] engine used a direct-injection system, along with the related [[Mitsubishi Kasei]] engine from 1941. In 1943, a low-pressure fuel injection system was added to the [[Nakajima Homare|Nakajima Homare Model 23]] radial engine.<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/881610/ |title=Engine Fuels and Lubrication Systems at Nakajima Aircraft Co. from 1936–1945 [sic] |first1=Ryoichi |last1=Nakagawa |first2=Sotaro |last2=Mizutani |year=1988 |doi=10.4271/881610 |journal=Mobilus |series=SAE Technical Paper Series |volume=1 |publisher=Society of Automobile Engineers |location=US |issn=0148-7191 |eissn=2688-3627 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The first mass-produced petrol direct-injection system was developed by Bosch and initially used in small automotive two-stroke petrol engines. Introduced in the 1950 [[Goliath GP700]] small saloon, it was also added to the [[Gutbrod Superior]] engine in 1952. This mechanically-controlled system was essentially a specially lubricated high-pressure diesel direct-injection pump of the type that is governed by the vacuum behind an intake throttle valve.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 19</ref> A Bosch mechanical direct-injection system was also used in the straight-eight used in the 1954 [[Mercedes-Benz W196]] Formula One racing car. The first four-stroke direct-injection petrol engine for a passenger car was released the following year, in the [[Mercedes-Benz 300SL]] sports car.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 20</ref> However the engine suffered lubrication problems due to petrol diluting the engine oil,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mercedes-Benz 300 SL |url=https://jalopnik.com/mercedes-benz-300-sl-309046 |website=www.jalopnik.com |access-date=26 December 2022 |language=en |date=10 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Driving the Awesome Mercedes 300 SL 'Gullwing'{{dash}}slide 8/22 |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/01/driving-the-awesome-mercedes-300-sl-gullwing/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=26 December 2022 |last1=Smith |first1=Sam }}</ref> and subsequent Mercedes-Benz engines switched to a manifold injection design. Likewise, most petrol injection systems prior to the 2000s used the less-expensive manifold injection design.