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Hurrian language
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===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== Hurrian uses both enclitic and independent personal pronouns. The independent pronouns can occur in any case, whereas the enclitic ones represent only the absolutive. It is irrelevant to the meaning of the sentence to which word in the sentence the enclitic pronoun is attached, so it is often attached either to the first phrase or to the verb. The following table gives the attested forms of the personal pronouns, omitting those that cannot be determined. {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#c0f070;" ! Case ! 1st Singular<br/>(''I'') ! 2nd Singular<br/>(''you'') ! 3rd Singular<br/>(''he/she/it'') ! 1st Plural<br/>(''we'') ! 2nd Plural<br/>(''you'') ! 3rd Plural<br/>(''they'') |- | style="background:#eee;"| '''Absolutive'''<br/>(indep.) || ''ište'' || ''fe'' || ''mane'', ''manni'' || ''šattil'', ''šattitil(la)'' || ''fella'' || ''manella'' |- | style="background:#eee;"| '''Absolutive'''<br/>(enclit.) || ''-t(ta)'' || ''-m(ma)'' || ''-n(na)'', ''-me'', ''-ma'' || ''-til(la)'' || ''-f(fa)'' || ''-l(la)'', ''-lle'' |- | style="background:#eee;"| '''Ergative''' || ''išaš'' || ''feš'' || ''manuš'' || ''šieš'' || ''fešuš'' || ''manšoš'' |- | style="background:#eee;"| '''Genitive''' || ''šofe'' || ''fefe'' || || || ''feše'' || |- | style="background:#eee;"| '''Dative''' || ''šofa'' || ''fefa'' || || ''šaša'' (?) || ''feša'' || ''manša'' |- | style="background:#eee;"| '''Locative''' || || || || || ''feša'' (?) || |- | style="background:#eee;"| '''Allative''' || ''šuta'' || || || ''šašuta'' (?) || || |- | style="background:#eee;"| '''Ablative''' || || || ''manutan'' || || || |- | style="background:#eee;"| '''Comitative''' || ''šura'' || || ''manura'' || || || ''manšura'', ''manšora'' |- | style="background:#eee;"| '''Equative II''' || ''šonna'' || || ''manunna'' || || || |} The variant forms ''-me'', ''-ma'' and ''-lle'' of the third person absolutive pronouns only before certain conjunctions, namely ''ai'' (when), ''inna'' (when), ''inu'', ''unu'' (who), ''panu'' (though), and the relative pronouns ''iya'' and ''iye''. When an enclitic personal pronoun is attached to a noun, an extensive system of sound changes determines the final form. The enclitic ''-nna'' of the third person singular behaves differently from the other pronouns: when it is preceded by an ergative suffix it, unlike the other pronouns, combines with the suffix to form ''šša'', whereas with all other pronouns the ''š'' of the ergative is dropped. Moreover, a word-final vowel /i/ changes to /e/ or /a/ when any enclitic pronoun other than ''-nna'' is attached. ====Possessive pronouns==== The Hurrian [[possessive pronoun]]s cannot occur independently, but are only enclitic. They are attached to nouns or nominalised verbs. The form of the pronoun is dependent on that of the following morpheme. The table below outlines the possible forms: {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#c0f070;" ! Fall ! 1st Singular<br/>(''my'') ! 2nd Singular<br/>(''your'') ! 3rd Singular<br/>(''his/her/its'') ! 1st Plural<br/>(''our'') ! 2nd Plural<br/>(''your'') ! 3rd Plural<br/>(''their'') |- | word-finally || ''-iffe'' || ''-f'' || ''-i'' || ''-iffaš'' || ''-šše'' || ''-yaš'' |- | before consonants (except /f,w/) || ''-iffu'' || ''-fu'' || ''-i'' || ''-iffaš'' || ''-šu'' || ''-yaš'' |- | before vowels and /f,w/ || ''-iff'' || ''-f'' || ''-i'' || ''-iffaš'' || unattested || ''-yaš'' |} The final vowel of the noun stem is dropped before an attached possessive pronoun, e.g. ''šeniffe'' ("my brother", from ''šena'' "brother"). It remains, however, when a consonant-initial pronoun is attached: ''attaif'' ("your father", from ''attai'', "father") ====Other pronouns==== Hurrian also has several [[demonstrative pronoun]]s: ''anni'' (this), ''anti/ani'' (that), ''akki...aki'' (one...the other). The final vowel /i/ of these pronouns is retained only in the absolutive, becoming /u/ in all other cases, e.g. ''akkuš'' "the one" (erg.), ''antufa'' ("to that [one]"). There are also the relative pronouns ''iya'' and ''iye''. Both forms are free interchangeable. The pronoun has the function of the absolutive in the relative clause, and so represents an intransitive subject or a transitive object. The interrogative pronoun (who/what) is only attested in the ergative singular (''afeš''), and once in the absolutive singular (''au'').
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