Editing International Criminal Court (section)

=== Crimes of aggression ===
Article 8 ''bis'' defines [[crimes of aggression]]. The Statute originally provided that the Court could not exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression until such time as the states parties agreed on a definition of the crime and set out the conditions under which it could be prosecuted.<ref name="iccfact" /><ref name="RomeStatute" />{{rp|article 5}} Such an amendment was adopted at the first review conference of the ICC in Kampala, Uganda, in June 2010. This amendment specified that the ICC would not be allowed to exercise jurisdiction of the crime of aggression until two further conditions had been satisfied: (1) the amendment has entered into force for 30 states parties and (2) on or after 1 January 2017, the Assembly of States Parties has voted in favor of allowing the Court to exercise jurisdiction. On 26 June 2016 the first condition was satisfied<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10-b&chapter=18&clang=_en#1|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|publisher=United Nations|language=EN|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> and the state parties voted in favor of allowing the Court to exercise jurisdiction on 14 December 2017.<ref name="asp.icc-cpi.int">{{Cite web|url=https://asp.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/crime%20of%20aggression/Pages/default.aspx|title=Crime of Aggression – Amendments Ratification|website=asp.icc-cpi.int|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> The Court's jurisdiction to prosecute crimes of aggression was accordingly activated on 17 July 2018.<ref name="asp.icc-cpi.int"/>

The Statute, as amended, defines the crime of aggression as "the planning, preparation, initiation or execution, by a person in a position effectively to exercise control over or to direct the political or military action of a State, of an act of aggression which, by its character, gravity and scale, constitutes a manifest violation of the [[United Nations Charter|Charter of the United Nations]]."<ref name="RomeStatute" />{{rp|article 8&nbsp;''bis''(1)}} The Statute defines an "act of aggression" as "the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations."<ref name="RomeStatute" />{{rp|article 8&nbsp;''bis''(2)}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Broomhall |first=Bruce |title=International justice and the International Criminal Court: between sovereignty and the rule of law |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-927424-6 |edition=Publ. new in paperback |series=Oxford monographs in international law |location=Oxford}}</ref> The article also contains a list of seven acts of aggression, which are identical to those in [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314]] of 1974 and include the following acts when committed by one state against another state:<ref name="RomeStatute" />{{rp|articles 8&nbsp;''bis''(2)(a)–8&nbsp;''bis''(2)(g)}}

# Invasion or attack by armed forces against territory
# [[Military occupation]] of territory
# [[Annexation]] of territory
# [[Bombardment]] against territory
# Use of any weapons against territory
# [[Blockade]] of ports or coasts
# Attack on the land, sea, or air forces or marine and air fleets
# The use of armed forces which are within the territory of another state by agreement, but in contravention of the conditions of the agreement
# Allowing territory to be used by another state to perpetrate an act of aggression against a third state
# Sending armed bands, groups, [[Irregular military|irregulars]], or [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] to carry out acts of armed force