Editing Iranian architecture (section)

=== Zands and Qajars (18th–early 20th centuries) ===
{{See also|Qajar art}}
As the Safavids declined in the 18th century, the [[Zand dynasty]] made [[Shiraz]] its capital. [[Karim Khan Zand|Muhammad Karim Khan Zand]], the dynasty's founder, created a grand square and built a new set of monuments, in a way similar to the Safavid construction projects in Isfahan, though on a smaller scale.<ref name=":243562" /> Among the surviving monuments of this project is the [[Vakil Mosque]], begun in 1766 and restored in 1827, as well as a bazaar and a [[hammam]] (bathhouse).<ref name=":243562" />
[[File:استعینوا بالصبر.jpg|left|thumb|Painted tilework with images of flowers, at the [[Nasir al-Mulk Mosque]] (1876–1888) in [[Shiraz]]]]
In northern Iran, the [[Qajar Iran|Qajars]] made their capital at [[Tehran]]. They continued to build mosques throughout the country with a traditional courtyard layout with four iwans, but with certain variations and the introduction of new features like clocktowers. The Qajars also expanded major shrines like the [[Imam Reza shrine|Imam Reza Shrine]] in Mashhad and the [[Fatima Masumeh Shrine]] in [[Qom]].<ref name=":243562" /> In Shiraz (which came under Qajar rule in 1794), the [[Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque|Mosque of Nasir al-Mulk]] (1876–1888) has a traditional layout but exemplifies a new style of decorative tiles, painted in [[Overglaze decoration|overglaze]] with images of flower bouquets in predominantly blue, pink, yellow, violet and green colors, sometimes on a white background. This type of tile decoration can also be seen at the [[Sepahsalar Mosque]] in Tehran (1881–1890).<ref name=":243562" />

[[File:Shamsolemareh Palace 01.jpg|thumb|The Shams ol-Emareh in the [[Golestan Palace]] in [[Tehran]], added by [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Naser al-Din Shah]] ({{Reign|1848|1896}})]]
Of the Qajar palaces built in and around Tehran, the most famous is the [[Golestan Palace]], which was both the administrative center and the shah's winter residence. Used by successive Qajar rulers, the palace underwent many modifications that illustrate the progressive changes over this period.<ref name=":243562" /> Traditional forms were still prevalent under [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar|Fath Ali Shah]] ({{Reign|1797|1834}}), who commissioned the [[Marble Throne]] and installed it in a traditional audience hall fronted by columns.<ref name=":243562" /><ref name=":2435622" /> The 19th century also saw the rise of [[Revivalism (architecture)|revivalist]] trends. Qajar monarchs, including Fath Ali Shah, commissioned works that deliberately referenced Safavid and ancient Sasanian architecture, hoping to appropriate their symbolism of kingship and empire.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Grigor |first=Talinn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YgpDwAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |year=2017 |isbn=9781119068662 |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Finbarr Barry |pages=1089–1097 |language=en |chapter=Kings and Traditions in Différance: Antiquity Revisited in Post-Safavid Iran |editor-last2=Necipoğlu |editor-first2=Gülru}}</ref>

[[File:Afif Abad Garden, Shiraz (5).jpg|thumb|[[Afif-Abad Garden]] (1863–1867) in [[Shiraz]] is an example of Achaemenid and Sasanian [[Revivalism (architecture)|revivalism]]{{Sfn|Grigor|2021|pp=172–174}}]]
Under [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Naser al-Din Shah]] ({{Reign|1848|1896}}), new elements and styles of European inspiration began to be introduced, such as tall windows, [[pilaster]]s, and formal staircases. At the Golestan Palace, he added the Shams ol-Emareh, a tall multi-leveled structure with two towers.<ref name=":243562" /><ref name=":2435622">{{harvnb|Bloom|Blair|2009|loc=''Qajar''}}</ref> He also remodelled Tehran, demolishing the dense urban fabric in parts of the old city, as well as its historic walls, and replacing them with boulevards and open squares inspired by what he saw in his visits to Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haghighi |first=Farzaneh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OlwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |title=Is the Tehran Bazaar Dead? Foucault, Politics, and Architecture |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5275-1779-0 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2435622" />

At the beginning of the 20th century, during the last decades of Qajar rule and the early years of [[Pahlavi Iran|Pahlavi rule]], revivalist trends continued to be popular and were employed in the design of both public and private buildings, including those commissioned by the rising bourgeoisie. This resulted in many examples of buildings across the country with an eclectic blend of stylistic features from both the Islamic and ancient Zoroastrian eras.<ref name=":2" />