Editing July Monarchy (section)

=== The {{lang|fr|Broglie|italic=no}} ministry (March 1835 – February 1836) ===
In this context, the deputies decided to support {{lang|fr|[[Victor de Broglie (1785-1870)|Victor de Broglie]]|italic=no}} as head of the government, mainly because he was the king's least preferred choice, as {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} disliked both his anglophilia and his independence. After a three-week ministerial crisis, during which the "Citizen King" successively called on [[Louis-Mathieu Molé|Count {{lang|fr|Molé|italic=no|nocat=yes}}]], {{lang|fr|André Dupin|italic=no}}, Marshal {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no|nocat=y}}, [[General Sébastiani|General {{lang|fr|Sébastiani|italic=no|nocat=y}}]] and {{lang|fr|Gérard|italic=no}}, he was finally forced to rely on the {{lang|fr|duc de Broglie|italic=no}} and to accept his conditions, which were close to those imposed before by {{lang|fr|Casimir Périer|italic=no}}.

As in the first {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no}} government, the new cabinet rested on the triumvirate of {{lang|fr|Broglie|italic=no}} (Foreign affairs), {{lang|fr|Guizot|italic=no}} (Public instruction), and {{lang|fr|Thiers|italic=no}} (Interior). {{lang|fr|Broglie|italic=no}}'s first act was to take a personal revenge on the Chamber by having it ratify (by 289 votes against 137) the 4 July 1831 treaty with the United States, something which the deputies had refused him in 1834. He also obtained a large majority on the debate over the secret funds, which worked as an unofficial motion of confidence (256 voices against 129).

==== Trial of the April insurgents ====
{{lang|fr|Broglie|italic=no}}'s most important task was the trial of the April insurgents, which began on 5 May 1835 before the Chamber of Peers. The Peers finally convicted only 164 detainees on the 2,000 prisoners, of whom 43 were judged {{lang|la|[[trial in absentia|in absentia]]}}. Those defendants who were present for their trial introduced a great many procedural delays, and attempted by all means to transform the trial into a platform for [[Republicanism]]. On 12 July 1835, some of them, including the main leaders of the Parisian insurrection, escaped from the [[Prison of Sainte-Pélagie|Prison of {{lang|fr|Sainte-Pélagie|italic=no|nocat=yes}}]] through a tunnel. The Court of Peers delivered its sentence on the insurgents of Lyon on 13 August 1835, and on the other defendants in December 1835 and January 1836. The sentences were rather mild: a few condemnations to [[deportation]], many short prison sentences and some acquittals.

==== The {{lang|it|Fieschi|italic=no}} {{lang|fr|attentat}} (28 July 1835) ====
[[File:Attentat de Fieschi - 28.07.1835 - 2 (Eugène Lami).jpg|thumb|350px|''{{lang|fr|Attentat de Fieschi|italic=unset}}, on 28 July 1835''. By {{lang|fr|[[Eugène Lami]]|italic=no}}, 1845. {{lang|fr|[[Château de Versailles]]|italic=no}}.]]
[[File:Machine infernale.JPG|thumb|The weapon built and used by {{lang|it|Fieschi|italic=no}}, [[Musée des Archives Nationales]] (2012)]]
Against their hopes, the trial finally turned to the Republicans' disadvantage, by giving them a radical image which reminded the public opinion of the excesses of [[Jacobinism]] and frightened the bourgeois. The [[Giuseppe Marco Fieschi#Attempted assassination of Louis Philippe I|{{lang|it|Fieschi|italic=no|nocat=y}} {{lang|fr|attentat|nocat=y}}]] of July 1835, which took place on Paris during a review of the National Guard by {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} for the commemorations of the July Revolution, further scared the notables.

On the {{lang|fr|[[Boulevard du Temple]]|italic=no}}, near the {{lang|fr|[[Place de la République]]|italic=no}}, a [[volley gun]] composed of 25 gun barrels mounted on a wooden frame was fired on the king from the upstairs window of a house. The King was only slightly injured, while his sons, Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans, [[Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours]] and {{lang|fr|[[François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville]]|italic=no}}, escaped unharmed. However, Marshal Mortier and ten other persons were killed, while tens were injured (among which seven died in the following days).

The conspirators, the adventurer {{lang|it|[[Giuseppe Fieschi]]|italic=no}} and two Republicans ({{lang|fr|Pierre Morey|italic=no}} and {{lang|fr|Théodore Pépin|italic=no}}) members of the [[Society of Human Rights]], were arrested in September 1835. Judged before the Court of Peers, they were [[capital punishment in France|sentenced to death]] and [[guillotine]]d on 19 February 1836.

==== The September laws ====
The Fieschi assassination attempt shocked the bourgeoisie and most of France, which was generally more conservative than the people of Paris. The Republicans were discredited in the country, and public opinion was ready for strong measures against them.

The first law reinforced the powers of the president of the {{lang|fr|[[Cour d'assises]]}} and of the [[public prosecutor]] against those accused of rebellion, possession of prohibited weapons or attempted insurrection. It was adopted on 13 August 1835, by 212 votes to 72.

The second law reformed the procedure before the juries of the Assizes. The existing 4 March 1831 law confined the determination of guilt or innocence to the juries, excluding the professional magistrates belonging to the {{lang|fr|Cour d'assises}}, and required a 2/3 majority (8 votes to 4) for a guilty verdict. The new law changed that to a simple majority (7 against 5), and was adopted on 20 August 1835 by 224 votes to 149.

The third law restricted [[freedom of press (France)|freedom of press]], and provoked passionate debates. It aimed at outlawing discussions concerning the king, the dynasty and constitutional monarchy, as it was alleged that these had prepared the ground for Fieschi's attempt. Despite a strong opposition to the draft, the law was approved on 29 August 1835 by 226 votes to 153.

==== The final consolidation of the regime ====
These three laws were simultaneously promulgated on 9 September 1835, and marked the final success of the policy of {{lang|fr|Résistance}} pursued against the Republicans since Casimir Périer. The July Monarchy was thereafter sure of its ground, with discussions concerning its legitimacy being completely outlawed. The Opposition could now only discuss the interpretation of the Charter and advocate an evolution towards parliamentarianism. Demands for the enlargement of the electoral base became more frequent, however, in 1840, leading to the re-appearance of Republican Opposition through the claim to [[universal suffrage]].

The {{lang|fr|Broglie|italic=no}} ministry, however, finally fell on a question concerning the [[public debt]]. The Minister of Finance, {{lang|fr|[[Georges Humann]]|italic=no}}, announced on 14 January 1836 his intention to reduce the interest on government bonds in order to lighten the public debt, a very unpopular measure among the supporters of the regime, since bond interest was a fundamental component of the bourgeoisie's wealth. Therefore, the Council of Ministers immediately disavowed {{lang|fr|Humann|italic=no}}, while the Duke {{lang|fr|de Broglie|italic=no}} explained to the Chamber that his proposal was not supported by the government. However, his tone was judged insulting by the deputies, and one of them, the banker {{lang|fr|[[Alexandre Goüin]]|italic=no}}, immediately proposed a draft law concerning bonds himself. On 5 February 1836, a narrow majority of deputies (194 against 192) decided to continue the examination of the draft, thus disavowing {{lang|fr|Broglie|italic=no}}'s cabinet. The government immediately resigned: for the first time, a cabinet had fallen after having been put in a minority before the Chamber of Deputies, a sure victory of parliamentarianism.