Editing Modern architecture (section)

== Team X and the 1953 International Congress of Modern Architecture ==
{{See also|Architecture of Casablanca#GAMMA}}
In the early 1950s, [[Michel Écochard]], director of urban planning under the [[French Protectorate in Morocco]], commissioned GAMMA ({{Lang|fr|[[Groupe des Architectes Modernes Marocains]]}})—which initially included the architects [[Elie Azagury]], [[Georges Candilis|George Candillis]], [[Alexis Josic]] and [[Shadrach Woods]]—to design housing in the [[Hay Mohammadi|Hay Mohammedi]] neighborhood of [[Casablanca]] that provided a "culturally specific living tissue" for laborers and migrants [[Rural flight|from the countryside]].<ref name=":822">{{Cite book|last1=Dahmani|first1=Iman|title=Modern Casablanca Map|last2=El moumni|first2=Lahbib|last3=Meslil|first3=El mahdi|publisher=[[MAMMA.|MAMMA Group]]|year=2019|isbn=978-9920-9339-0-2|location=Casablanca|translator-last=Borim|translator-first=Ian}}</ref> [[Sémiramis (Casablanca)|Sémiramis]], {{Lang|fr|[[Nid d’Abeille]]}} (Honeycomb), and [[Carrières Centrales]] were some of the first examples of this [[Vernacular Modernism]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Adaptations of Vernacular Modernism in Casablanca|url=https://www.thepolisblog.org/2012/07/adaptations-of-vernacular-modernism.html|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref>

At the 1953 [[Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne|''Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture'' Moderne]] (CIAM), [[ATBAT-Afrique]]—the Africa branch of {{Lang|fr|[[Atelier des Bâtisseurs]]}} founded in 1947 by figures including [[Le Corbusier]], [[Vladimir Bodiansky]], and [[André Wogenscky]]—prepared a study of Casablanca's [[Shanty town|bidonvilles]] entitled "Habitat for the Greatest Number".<ref>{{Cite web|title=TEAM 10|url=http://www.team10online.org/team10/candilis/index.html|website=www.team10online.org|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> The presenters, [[Georges Candilis]] and [[Michel Écochard|Michel Ecochard]], argued—against doctrine—that architects must consider local culture and climate in their designs.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=The Gamma Grid {{!}} Model House|url=http://transculturalmodernism.org/article/12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220142949/http://www.transculturalmodernism.org/article/12|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 February 2013|website=transculturalmodernism.org|access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=":822"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=TEAM 10|url=http://www.team10online.org/team10/meetings/1953-Aix.htm|website=www.team10online.org|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> This generated great debate among modernist architects around the world and eventually provoked a schism and the creation of [[Team 10]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=TEAM 10 Introduction|url=http://www.team10online.org/team10/meetings/1953-Aix.htm|last=Pedret|first=Annie|website=www.team10online.org|access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chnaoui|first=Aziza|title=Third World Modernism: Architecture, Development and Identity|date=2 November 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136895487|editor-last=Lu|editor-first=Duanfang|language=en|chapter=Depoliticizing Group GAMMA: contesting modernism in Morocco}}</ref> Ecochard's 8x8 meter model at Carrières Centrales earned him recognition as a pioneer in the architecture of [[Multi-family residential|collective housing]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Habitat collectif méditerranéen et dynamique des espaces ouverts.|url=http://resohab.univ-paris1.fr/jclh05/article.php3?id_article=34|website=resohab.univ-paris1.fr|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Understanding the Grid /1: Michel Ecochard's Planning and Building...|url=http://socks-studio.com/2016/12/07/understanding-the-grid-1-michel-ecochards-planning-and-building-framework-in-casablanca/|last=Fabrizi|first=Mariabruna|date=7 December 2016|website=SOCKS|language=en-US|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> though his Moroccan colleague [[Elie Azagury]] was critical of him for serving as a tool of the French colonial regime and for ignoring the economic and social necessity that Moroccans live in higher density vertical housing.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Chaouni|first=Aziza|date=3 July 2014|title=Interview with Elie Azagury|journal=Journal of Architectural Education|volume=68|issue=2|pages=210–216|doi=10.1080/10464883.2014.943632|s2cid=112234517|issn=1046-4883}}</ref>