Editing OpenVMS (section)

===Security===
OpenVMS provides various security features and mechanisms, including security identifiers, resource identifiers, subsystem identifiers, [[Access control list|ACLs]], [[intrusion detection]] and detailed security auditing and alarms.<ref name="guide-to-system-security">{{cite web|url=https://vmssoftware.com/docs/VSI_System_Security_Manual.pdf|title=VSI OpenVMS Guide to System Security|date=December 2019|access-date=April 26, 2021|publisher=VSI}}</ref> Specific versions evaluated at [[Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria]] Class C2 and, with the SEVMS security enhanced release at Class B1.<ref>National Computer Security Center (NCSC) Trusted Product Evaluation List (TPEL)</ref> OpenVMS also holds an ITSEC E3 rating (see [[National Computer Security Center|NCSC]] and [[Common Criteria]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=emr_na-c04621379|title=HP OpenVMS Guide to System Security|publisher=Hewlett Packard|date=September 2003|access-date=October 21, 2021}}</ref> Passwords are hashed using the [[George B. Purdy#The Purdy polynomial|Purdy Polynomial]].

====Vulnerabilities====
* Early versions of VMS included a number of privileged user accounts (including <code>SYSTEM</code>, <code>FIELD</code>, <code>SYSTEST</code> and <code>DECNET</code>) with default passwords which were often left unchanged by system managers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Green|first1=James L.|last2=Sisson|first2=Patricia L.|title=The "Father Christmas" Worm|journal=12th National Computer Security Conference Proceedings|date=June 1989|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920019024.pdf|accessdate=November 23, 2015|ref=green1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.giac.org/paper/gsna/176/security-audit-openvms-internal-auditors-perspective/106696|title=Security Audit on OpenVMS: An Internal Auditor's Perspective|date=November 2004|author=Kevin Rich|publisher=SANS Institute|access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref> A number of [[computer worm]]s for VMS including the [[WANK (computer worm)|WANK worm]] and the [[Father Christmas (computer worm)|Father Christmas worm]] exploited these default passwords to gain access to nodes on DECnet networks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xf7gVma6_3g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Xf7gVma6_3g| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=DEFCON 16: Hacking OpenVMS|date=January 20, 2011|author1=Claes Nyberg|author2=Christer Oberg|author3=James Tusini|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=July 21, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> This issue was also described by [[Clifford Stoll]] in ''[[The Cuckoo's Egg (book)|The Cuckoo's Egg]]'' as a means by which [[Markus Hess]] gained unauthorized access to VAX/VMS systems.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stoll |first1=Clifford |title=The Cuckoo's Egg : tracking a spy through the maze of computer espionage |date=1989 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=0-385-24946-2 |edition=1st}}</ref> In V5.0, the default passwords were removed, and it became mandatory to provide passwords for these accounts during system setup.<ref name="vms-5.0-rel-notes" />
* A 33-year-old vulnerability in VMS on VAX and Alpha was discovered in 2017 and assigned the CVE ID {{CVE|2017-17482}}. On the affected platforms, this vulnerability allowed an attacker with access to the DCL command line to carry out a [[privilege escalation]] attack. The vulnerability relies on exploiting a [[buffer overflow]] bug in the DCL command processing code, the ability for a user to interrupt a running image (program [[executable]]) with {{kbd|CTRL/Y}} and return to the DCL prompt, and the fact that DCL retains the privileges of the interrupted image.<ref>On the internal workings of the CTRL-Y mechanism, see: OpenVMS AXP Internals and Data Structures, Version 1.5, sections 30.6.5.1 (CTRL/Y Processing) and 30.6.5.4 (CONTINUE Command) at pp. 1074–1076.</ref> The buffer overflow bug allowed [[shellcode]] to be executed with the privileges of an interrupted image. This could be used in conjunction with an image installed with higher privileges than the attacker's account to bypass system security.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghost in the DCL shell: OpenVMS, touted as ultra reliable, had a local root hole for 30 years|url=https://www.theregister.com/2018/02/06/openvms_vulnerability/|date=February 6, 2018|access-date=January 13, 2021|author=John Leyden|website=theregister.com}}</ref>