Editing Research and Analysis Wing (section)

====China====
{{see also|Nanda Devi Plutonium Mission}}
After China tested its [[596 (nuclear test)|first nuclear weapons]] on 16 October 1964, at [[Lop Nur]], [[Xinjiang]], India and the USA shared a common fear about [[People's Republic of China and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear weapons|the nuclear capabilities of China.]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=M. S. Kohli|author2=Kenneth J. Conboy|title=Spies in the Himalayas: Secret Missions and Perilous Climbs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yajeAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=978-0-7006-1223-9|pages=54–56}}</ref><ref>'An Eye at the Top of the World', by Pete Takeda, Thunder's Mouth Press; 1st edition (4 September 2006), {{ISBN|1-56025-845-4}}</ref> Owing to the extreme remoteness of Chinese testing grounds, strict secrecy surrounding the Chinese nuclear programme, and the extreme difficulty that an Indian or American would have passing themselves off as Chinese, it was almost impossible to carry out any [[HUMINT]] operation. So, the [[CIA]] in the late 1960s decided to launch an [[ELINT]] operation along with R&AW and [[Aviation Research Centre|ARC]] to track China's nuclear tests and monitor its missile launches. The operation, in the garb of a mountaineering expedition to [[Nanda Devi]] involved Indian climber [[M S Kohli]] who along with operatives of [[Special Frontier Force]] and the [[CIA]] – most notably Jim Rhyne, a veteran [[STOL]] pilot – was to place a permanent [[ELINT]] device, a transceiver powered by a plutonium battery, that could detect and report data on future nuclear tests carried out by China.<ref>Spies in the Himalayas, by Kenneth Conboy and M.S. Kohli, University Press of Kansas (March 2003), {{ISBN|0-7006-1223-8}}</ref> The monitoring device was near successfully implanted on [[Nanda Devi]], when an [[avalanche]] forced a hasty withdrawal.<ref>Harish Kapadia, "Nanda Devi", in ''World Mountaineering'', Audrey Salkeld, editor, Bulfinch Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8212-2502-2}}, pp. 254–257.</ref> Later, a subsequent mountain operation to retrieve or replant the device was aborted when it was found that the device was lost. Recent reports indicate that radiation traces from this device have been discovered in sediment below the mountains.<ref name="seattle_pi">{{Cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/309005_spymain26.html |title=Spy Robert Schaller's life of secrecy, betrayal and regrets |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=25 March 2007 |access-date=28 September 2009 |first1=Carol |last1=Smith |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103171044/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Spy-Robert-Schaller-s-life-of-secrecy-betrayal-1232285.php |archive-date=3 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In February 2020, [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Indian Customs]] officials detained a Chinese ship from [[Shanghai Port]], at [[Kandla Port]]. The ship was bound for [[Port Qasim]] in [[Karachi]]. It was seized for wrongly declaring an autoclave, which can be used in the launch process of [[ballistic missile]]s, as an industrial dryer. This seizure was done on an intelligence tip-off by R&AW.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/pak-bound-chinese-ship-intercepted-in-india-contains-cargo-used-to-launch-missiles-4951051.html/amp|title=Pak-bound Chinese ship intercepted in India, contains cargo used to launch missiles|access-date=17 February 2020|publisher=MoneyControl|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217164700/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/pak-bound-chinese-ship-intercepted-in-india-contains-cargo-used-to-launch-missiles-4951051.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mystery Chinese ship to Karachi, 5 indicted in US show Pakistan's nuclear racket is alive|url=https://www.theprint.in/opinion/mystery-chinese-ship-to-karachi-5-arrested-in-us-show-pakistans-nuclear-racket-is-alive/368151/%3famp|access-date=20 February 2020|publisher=The Print}}</ref>