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Structuration theory
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=== COVID-19 and structure === the [[COVID-19]] pandemic had huge impact on society since the beginning.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} When investigating those impacts, many researchers found helpful using structuration theory to explain the change in society. Oliver (2021)<ref>{{Citation|last1=Oliver|first1=Gillian|title=Societal Information Cultures: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic|date=2021|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-71292-1_48|work=Diversity, Divergence, Dialogue|volume=12645|pages=618β634|editor-last=Toeppe|editor-first=Katharina|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-71292-1_48|isbn=978-3-030-71291-4|access-date=2021-11-15|last2=Jeurgens|first2=Charles|last3=Lian|first3=Zhiying|last4=Haraldsdottir|first4=Ragna Kemp|last5=Foscarini|first5=Fiorella|last6=Wang|first6=Ning|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |s2cid=232294007 |editor2-last=Yan|editor2-first=Hui|editor3-last=Chu|editor3-first=Samuel Kai Wah|url-access=subscription}}</ref> used "a theoretical framework derived from Giddens' structuration theory to analyze societal information cultures, concentrating on information and health literacy perspectives." And this framework focused on "the three modalities of structuration, i.e., interpretive schemes, resources, and norms." And in Oliver's research, those three modalities are "resources", "information freedom" and "formal and informal concepts and rules of behavior". After analyzing four countries framework, Oliver and his research team concluded "All our case studies show a number of competing information sources β from traditional media and official websites to various social media platforms used by both the government and the general public β that complicate the information landscape in which we all try to navigate what we know, and what we do not yet know, about the pandemic." In the research of interpreting how remote work environment change during COVID-19 in [[South Africa]], Walter (2020)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matli|first=Walter|date=2020-12-02|title=The changing work landscape as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic: insights from remote workers life situations in South Africa|journal=International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy|language=en|volume=40|issue=9/10|pages=1237β1256|doi=10.1108/IJSSP-08-2020-0386|issn=0144-333X|doi-access=free}}</ref> applied structuration theory because "it addresses the relationship between actors (or persons) and social structures and how these social structures ultimately realign and conform to the actions of actors" Plus, "these social structures from Giddens's structuration theory assist people to navigate through everyday life." Zvokuomba (2021)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kabonga|first1=Itai|last2=Zvokuomba|first2=Kwashirai|date=2021-09-29|title=Surviving on the margins: Volunteers' agency to survive poverty and vulnerability in Zimbabwe|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00208728211045423|journal=International Social Work|volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1135β1141|doi=10.1177/00208728211045423|s2cid=244235701 |issn=0020-8728|url-access=subscription}}</ref> also used Giddens' theory of structuration "to reflect at the various levels of fragilities within the context of COVID-19 [[lockdown]] measures." One example in the research is that "theory of structuration and agency point to situations when individuals and groups of people either in compliance or defiance of community norms and rules of survival adopt certain practices." And during pandemic, researched pointed out "reverting to the traditional midwifery became a pragmatic approach to a problem." One example to support this point is that "As medical centers were partly closed, with no basic medication and health staff, the only alternative was seek traditional medical services. "
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