Editing Trinity (section)

=== Nontrinitarianism ===
{{Main|Nontrinitarianism}}
[[Nontrinitarianism]] (or antitrinitarianism) refers to Christian belief systems that reject the doctrine of the Trinity as found in the Nicene Creed as not having a scriptural origin. Nontrinitarian views differ widely on the nature of God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. 

Various nontrinitarian views, such as [[Adoptionism]] and [[Arianism]], existed prior to the formal definition of the Trinity doctrine in AD&nbsp;325, 360, and 431 at the Councils of [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicaea]], [[Council of Constantinople (360)|Constantinople]], and [[Council of Ephesus|Ephesus]], respectively.<ref name="vonharnack" /> Adoptionists believed that Jesus Christ only became divine at his baptism, resurrection or ascension.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coonrad |first=Sharon Watters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hrIHAAACAAJ |title=Adoptionism: The History of a Doctrine |date=1999 |publisher=University of Iowa |language=en}}</ref> Adherents of Arianism postulated that only God is independent of his existence. Since the Son is dependent, he should, therefore, be called a creature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gregg |first=Robert C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8d6GQAACAAJ |title=Arianism: Historical and Theological Reassessments: Papers from The Ninth International Conference on Patristic Studies |date=2006-10-19 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-59752-961-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Arianism was condemned as [[Heresy#Christianity|heretical]] by the [[First Council of Nicaea#Arian controversy#Result of the debate|First Council of Nicaea]] and, lastly, with [[Sabellianism]] by the [[Second Ecumenical Council]].{{sfn|Olson|1999|p=173}} Adoptionism was declared as heretical by the Ecumenical Council of Frankfurt, convened by the Emperor Charlemagne in 794 for the Latin West Church.{{sfn|Meens|2016|p=64}} Following the adoption of trinitarianism at [[First Council of Constantinople|Constantinople in 381]], [[Arianism]] was driven from the Empire, retaining a foothold amongst the Germanic tribes. When the [[Franks]] converted to Catholicism in 496, however, it gradually faded out.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|p=100}} Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the [[Gnosticism]] of the [[Cathars]] in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the [[Age of Enlightenment]] of the 18th century, and in some groups arising during the [[Second Great Awakening]] of the 19th century.{{efn|See also [[Binitarianism]]}}