Editing Vocative case (section)

=== Indo-Aryan languages ===

==== Hindi-Urdu ====
In [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] ([[Hindustani grammar|Hindustani]]), the vocative case has the same form as the nominative case for all singular nouns except for the singular masculine nouns that terminate in the vowel {{lang|hi|आ}} {{IPAslink|aː}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ā}} and for all nouns in their plural forms the vocative case is always distinct from the nominative case.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1989|isbn=81-208-0475-9|location=New Delhi|pages=263}}</ref> Adjectives in ''Hindi-Urdu'' also have a vocative case form. In the absence of a noun argument, some adjectives decline like masculine nouns that do not end in {{lang|hi|आ}} {{IPAslink|aː}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ā}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kachru|first=Yamuna|title=Hindi|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=90-272-3812-X|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=65}}</ref> The vocative case has many similarities with the [[oblique case]] in Hindustani.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Noun Classes
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural
! rowspan="2" |English
|-
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
! rowspan="2" |Masculine
!ending in {{lang|hi|आ}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ā}}
| {{lang|hi|लड़का}} {{Transliteration|hi|laṛk'''ā'''}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|hi|लड़के}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|laṛk'''e'''}}
| {{lang|hi|लड़कों}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|laṛk'''õ'''}}
|boy
|-
!not ending in {{lang|hi|आ}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ā}}
| colspan="3" | {{lang|hi|इंसान}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|insān}}
| {{lang|hi|इंसानों}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|insān'''õ'''}}
|human
|-
! rowspan="3" |Feminine
!ending in {{lang|hi|ई}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ī}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|hi|लड़की}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|laṛk'''ī'''}}
| {{lang|hi|लड़कियाँ}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|laṛk'''iyā̃'''}}
| {{lang|hi|लड़कियों}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|laṛk'''iyõ'''}}
|girl
|-
! rowspan="2" |not ending in {{lang|hi|ई}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ī}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|hi|माता}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|mātā}}
| {{lang|hi|माताएँ}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|mātā'''ẽ'''}}
| {{lang|hi|माताओं}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|mātā'''õ'''}}
|mother
|-
| colspan="2" | {{lang|hi|चिड़िया}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ciṛiy'''ā'''}}
| {{lang|hi|चिड़ियाँ}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ciṛiy'''ā̃'''}}
| {{lang|hi|चिड़ियों}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ciṛiy'''õ'''}}
|bird
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Adjective Classes
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural
! rowspan="2" |English
|-
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
! rowspan="2" |Declinable
! colspan="2" |masculine
| {{lang|hi|बुरा}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bur'''ā'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{lang|hi|बुरे}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bur'''e'''}}
| rowspan="2" |bad
|-
! colspan="2" |feminine
| colspan="4" | {{lang|hi|बुरी}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bur'''ī'''}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |Undeclinable (not ending in {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|-ā}} or {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|-ī}} in nominative singular)
!masculine
! rowspan="2" |with noun
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" | {{lang|hi|बेवकूफ़}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bevakūf|}}
| rowspan="4" |fool
|-
!feminine
|-
!masculine
! rowspan="2" |sans noun
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | {{lang|hi|बेवकूफ़}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bevakūf}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|hi|बेवकूफ़ों}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bevakūf'''õ'''}}
|-
!feminine
|}

====Sanskrit====
In [[Sanskrit]], the vocative ({{lang|sa|सम्बोधन विभक्ति}} {{Transliteration|sa|sambodhana vibhakti}}) has the same form as the nominative except in the singular. In vowel-stem nouns, if there is a {{Transliteration|sa|-ḥ}} in the nominative, it is omitted and the stem vowel may be altered: {{Transliteration|sa|-ā}} and {{Transliteration|sa|-ĭ}} become {{Transliteration|sa|-e}}, {{Transliteration|sa|-ŭ}} becomes {{Transliteration|sa|-o}}, {{Transliteration|sa|-ī}} and {{Transliteration|sa|-ū}} become short and {{Transliteration|sa|-ṛ}} becomes {{Transliteration|sa|-ar}}. Consonant-stem nouns have no ending in the vocative:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
| {{lang|sa|बाल}} ({{Transliteration|sa|bāla}}, masc., 'boy') || {{lang|sa|हे बाल}} {{Transliteration|sa|he bāla}} || {{lang|sa|हे बालौ}} {{Transliteration|sa|he bālau}} || {{lang|sa|हे बालाः}} {{Transliteration|sa|he bālāḥ}}
|-
| {{lang|sa|लता}} ({{Transliteration|sa|latā}}, fem., 'creeper') || {{lang|sa|हे लते}} {{Transliteration|sa|he late}} || {{lang|sa|हे लते}} {{Transliteration|sa|he late}} || {{lang|sa|हे लताः}} {{Transliteration|sa|he latāḥ}}
|-
| {{lang|sa|फलम्}} ({{Transliteration|sa|phalam}}, neut., 'fruit') || {{lang|sa|हे फलम्}} {{Transliteration|sa|he phalam}} || {{lang|sa|हे फले}} {{Transliteration|sa|he phale}} || {{lang|sa|हे फलानि}} {{Transliteration|sa|he phalāni}}
|}

The vocative form is the same as the nominative except in the masculine and feminine singular.