Editing Blood transfusion (section)

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[[File:A A Bogdanov.jpg|thumb|[[Alexander Bogdanov]] established a scientific institute to research the effects of blood transfusion in Moscow, 1925.]]
The secretary of the [[British Red Cross]], [[Percy Lane Oliver]], established the world's first blood-donor service in 1921. In that year, Oliver was contacted by [[King's College Hospital]], where they were in urgent need of a blood donor.
<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n0_Vqz-V_T8C|title= The Great Ormond Street Hospital Manual of Children's Nursing Practices| vauthors = Macqueen S, Bruce E, Gibson F |year= 2012|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|page= 75|isbn= 978-1-118-27422-4}}</ref> After providing a donor, Oliver set about organizing a system for the voluntary registration of blood donors at clinics around London, with Sir [[Geoffrey Keynes]] appointed as a medical adviser. Volunteers were subjected to a series of physical tests to establish their [[blood group]]. The [[National Blood Service|London Blood Transfusion Service]] was free of charge and expanded rapidly in its first few years of operation. By 1925 it was providing services for almost 500 patients; it was incorporated into the structure of the British Red Cross in 1926. Similar systems developed in other cities, including [[Sheffield]], [[Manchester]] and [[Norwich]], and the service's work began to attract international attention. France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Australia and Japan established similar services.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_oliver.html|title= Percy Oliver|publisher= Red Gold: The Eipc Story of Blood|access-date= 2017-08-24|archive-date= 2015-04-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150416153023/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_oliver.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

[[Alexander Bogdanov]] founded an academic institution devoted to the science of blood transfusion in [[Moscow]] in 1925. Bogdanov was motivated, at least in part, by a search for [[eternal youth]], and remarked with satisfaction on the improvement of his eyesight, suspension of balding, and other positive symptoms after receiving 11 transfusions of [[whole blood]]. Bogdanov died in 1928 as a result of one of his experiments, when the blood of a student with [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]] was given to him in a transfusion.<ref>Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. ''New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche to Stalinism'', Pennsylvania State University, 2002, {{ISBN| 0-271-02533-6}}, pp. 161–162.</ref> Following Bogdanov's lead, Vladimir Shamov and [[Sergei Yudin (surgeon)|Sergei Yudin]] in the [[USSR]] pioneered the [[Cadaveric blood transfusion|transfusion of cadaveric blood]] from recently deceased donors. Yudin performed such a transfusion successfully for the first time on March 23, 1930, and reported his first seven [[clinic]]al transfusions with cadaveric blood at the Fourth Congress of [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] Surgeons at Kharkiv in September. However, this method was never used widely, even in the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union was the first to establish a network of facilities to collect and store blood for use in transfusions at hospitals.

[[File:Blood transfusion ww2 poster.jpg|thumb|left| British poster of 1944 encouraging people to donate blood for the war effort]]
[[Frederic Durán-Jordà]] established one of the earliest blood banks during the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1936. Duran joined the Transfusion Service at the [[Hospital de Sant Pau|Barcelona Hospital]] at the start of the conflict, but the hospital was soon overwhelmed by the demand for blood and the paucity of available donors. With support from the Department of Health of the [[Spanish Republican Army]], Duran established a blood bank for the use of wounded soldiers and civilians. The 300–400&nbsp;mL of extracted blood was mixed with 10% citrate solution in a modified Duran Erlenmeyer flask. The blood was stored in a sterile glass enclosed under pressure at 2&nbsp;°C. During 30 months of work, the Transfusion Service of Barcelona registered almost 30,000 donors, and processed 9,000 liters of blood.<ref>
{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3QwXx_enKbcC|title= Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles & Practice| vauthors = Hillyer CD |year= 2007|publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn= 978-0-443-06981-9}}</ref>

In 1937 [[Bernard Fantus]], director of therapeutics at the [[Cook County Hospital]] in [[Chicago]], established the first hospital blood-bank in the [[United States]]. In setting up a hospital laboratory that preserved, refrigerated and stored donor blood, Fantus originated the term "blood bank". Within a few years, hospital and community blood-banks were established across the United States.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors= Kilduffe R, DeBakey M |title= The blood bank and the technique and therapeutics of transfusion |location=St. Louis |publisher=C.V. Mosby |year= 1942|pages= 196–7}}</ref>  Until the middle of World War II, the newly established US blood banks rejected African-American donors.  During the war, Black people were allowed to donate blood, but the donated blood was labeled as being suitable only for transfusion into another person from the same race.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Jeremy W. |last2=Bibb |first2=Lorin A. |last3=Savani |first3=Bipin N. |last4=Booth |first4=Garrett S. |date=February 2022 |title=Refusing blood transfusions from COVID-19-vaccinated donors: are we repeating history? |journal=[[British Journal of Haematology]] |volume=196 |issue=3 |pages=585–8 |doi=10.1111/bjh.17842 |pmc=8653055 |pmid=34523736}}</ref>

Frederic Durán-Jordà fled to Britain in 1938 and worked with Dr [[Janet Vaughan]] at the [[Royal Postgraduate Medical School]] at Hammersmith Hospital to establish a system of national blood banks in London.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Starr D |title= Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce|year= 1998|publisher= Little, Brown and Company|isbn= 0-316-91146-1|pages= 84–87}}</ref> With the outbreak of [[Second World War|war]] appearing imminent in 1938, the [[War Office]] created the Army Blood Supply Depot (ABSD) in Bristol, headed by [[Lionel Whitby]] and in control of four large blood-depots around the country. British policy through the war was to supply military personnel with blood from centralized depots, in contrast to the approach taken by the Americans and Germans where troops at the front were bled to provide required blood. The British method proved more successful in adequately meeting all requirements, and over 700,000 donors were bled over the course of the war. This system evolved into the [[National Blood Service|National Blood Transfusion Service]] established in 1946, the first national service to be implemented.
<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Giangrande PL | title = The history of blood transfusion | journal = British Journal of Haematology | volume = 110 | issue = 4 | pages = 758–767 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 11054057 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02139.x | s2cid = 71592265 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Stories tell of [[Nazism|Nazis]] in Eastern Europe during World War II using captive children as repeated involuntary blood-donors.<ref>For example:
{{cite news
 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=65e0AAAAMAAJ
 |title= Free World
 |volume= 8
 |year= 1944
 |publisher= Free World, Inc.
 |page= 442
 |access-date= 16 August 2019
 |quote= [...] Nazis chose the healthiest Polish children and transported them to German field hospitals where they used them for constant blood transfusions [...].
 |archive-date= 26 July 2024
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240726172745/https://books.google.com/books?id=65e0AAAAMAAJ
 |url-status= live
 }}</ref>