Editing Cognitive science (section)

==Notable researchers==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2012}}
{{See also|List of cognitive scientists}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Year of birth
!Year of contribution!! Contribution(s)
|-
|[[David Chalmers]]|| 1966<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/chalmers/|title=David Chalmers|website=www.informationphilosopher.com|access-date=2017-04-24|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424100127/http://informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/chalmers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1995<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://consc.net/papers/facing.html|title=Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness|website=consc.net|access-date=2017-04-24|archive-date=8 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408224800/http://consc.net/papers/facing.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|Dualism]], [[hard problem of consciousness]]
|-
| [[Daniel Dennett]] || 1942<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-C-Dennett|title=Daniel C. Dennett {{!}} American philosopher|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2017-05-03|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723000356/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-C-Dennett|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1987|| Offered a computational systems perspective ([[Multiple drafts model]])
|-
| [[John Searle]] || 1932<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/searle/|title=John Searle|website=www.informationphilosopher.com|access-date=2017-05-03|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424113111/http://informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/searle/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1980
| [[Chinese room]]
|-
|[[Douglas Hofstadter]]|| 1945
|1979<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24113.G_del_Escher_Bach|title=Gödel, Escher, Bach|website=Goodreads|date=1999 |access-date=2017-05-03|archive-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522234713/http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24113.G_del_Escher_Bach|url-status=live}}</ref>
|''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/the-man-who-would-teach-machines-to-think/309529/|title=The Man Who Would Teach Machines to Think|last=Somers|first=James|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2017-05-03|language=en-US|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917232851/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/the-man-who-would-teach-machines-to-think/309529/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jerry Fodor]] || 1935<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/fodor/|title=Fodor, Jerry {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-03|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017085412/http://www.iep.utm.edu/fodor/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1968, 1975
| [[Functionalism (philosophy of mind)|Functionalism]]
|-
| [[Alan Baddeley]] || 1934<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJFGAQAAIAAJ&q=Alan+Baddeley+1934+leeds|title=Alan Baddeley in International Directory of Psychologists|year=1966|language=en-US|access-date=2022-03-10|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205120507/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJFGAQAAIAAJ&q=Alan+Baddeley+1934+leeds|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1974
| [[Baddeley's model of working memory]]
|-
|[[Marvin Minsky]]
|1927<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marvin-Lee-Minsky|title=Marvin Minsky {{!}} American scientist|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2017-03-27|language=en|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328023910/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marvin-Lee-Minsky|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1970s, early 1980s
|Wrote computer programs in languages such as LISP to attempt to formally characterize the steps that human beings go through, such as making decisions and solving problems
|-
|[[Christopher Longuet-Higgins]]
|1923<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jun/10/guardianobituaries.highereducation|title=Christopher Longuet-Higgins|last=Darwin|first=Chris|date=2004-06-09|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-03-27|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221085148/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jun/10/guardianobituaries.highereducation|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1973
|Coined the term ''cognitive science''
|-
|[[Noam Chomsky]]
|1928<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chomsky.info/2001____-2/|title=Noam Chomsky|website=chomsky.info|language=en|access-date=2017-04-24|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425024415/https://chomsky.info/2001____-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1959
|Published a review of B.F. Skinner's book ''[[Verbal Behavior]]'' which began cognitivism against then-dominant behaviorism<ref name="Chomsky 1959 26–58" />
|-
|[[George Armitage Miller|George Miller]]
|1920
|1956
|Wrote about the capacities of human thinking through mental representations
|-
|[[Herbert A. Simon|Herbert Simon]]
|1916
|1956
|Co-created [[Logic Theory Machine]] and [[General Problem Solver]] with [[Allen Newell]], [[EPAM]] (Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer) theory, organizational decision-making
|-
|[[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]]
|1927
|1955
|Coined the term ''artificial intelligence'' and organized the famous [[Dartmouth conference]] in Summer 1956, which started AI as a field
|-
|[[Warren Sturgis McCulloch|McCulloch]] and [[Walter Pitts|Pitts]]
|
|1930s–1940s
|Developed early artificial neural networks
|-
|[[Lila R. Gleitman]]
|1929
|1970s-2010s
|Wide-ranging contributions to understanding the cognition of [[language acquisition]], including [[Syntactic bootstrapping|syntactic bootstrapping theory]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gleitman |first1=Lila |title=The Structural Sources of Verb Meanings |journal=Language Acquisition |date=January 1990 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–55 |doi=10.1207/s15327817la0101_2 |s2cid=144713838 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Eleanor Rosch]]
|1938
|1976
|Development of the [[Prototype Theory]] of [[categorisation]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosch |first1=Eleanor |last2=Mervis |first2=Carolyn B |last3=Gray |first3=Wayne D |last4=Johnson |first4=David M |last5=Boyes-Braem |first5=Penny |title=Basic objects in natural categories |journal=Cognitive Psychology |date=July 1976 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=382–439 |doi=10.1016/0010-0285(76)90013-X |citeseerx=10.1.1.149.3392 |s2cid=5612467 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Philip N. Johnson-Laird]]
|1936
|1980
|Introduced the idea of [[mental model]]s in cognitive science<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnsonlaird |first1=P |title=Mental models in cognitive science |journal=Cognitive Science |date=March 1981 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=71–115 |doi=10.1016/S0364-0213(81)80005-5 |doi-broken-date=14 January 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Dedre Gentner]]
|1944
|1983
|Development of the [[Structure-mapping theory|Structure-mapping Theory]] of [[analogical reasoning]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gentner |first1=Dedre |title=Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy |journal=Cognitive Science |date=April 1983 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=155–170 |doi=10.1207/s15516709cog0702_3 |s2cid=5371492 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|[[Allen Newell]]
|1927
|1990
|Development of the field of [[Cognitive architecture]] in cognitive modelling and artificial intelligence<ref>Newell, Allen. 1990. Unified Theories of Cognition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.{{page needed|date=January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Annette Karmiloff-Smith]]
|1938
|1992
|Integrating [[neuroscience]] and [[computational modelling]] into theories of [[cognitive development]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Karmiloff-Smith|first=Annette|title=Beyond Modularity: A Developmental Perspective on Cognitive Science|publisher=MIT Press|year=1992|isbn=9780262111690}}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[David Marr (neuroscientist)]]
|1945
|1990
|Proponent of the Three-Level Hypothesis of levels of analysis of computational systems<ref>{{cite report
| last1     = Marr | first1 = D. | author11-link = David Marr
| last2     = Poggio | first2 = T.
| year      = 1976
| title     = From Understanding Computation to Understanding Neural Circuitry
| series    = A.I. Memo
| id        = AIM-357
| publisher = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
| hdl = 1721.1/5782 | department = Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Peter Gärdenfors]]
|1949
|2000
|Creator of the [[conceptual space]] framework used in cognitive modelling and artificial intelligence.

|-
|[[Linda B. Smith]]
|1951
|1993
|Together with [[Esther Thelen]], created a [[dynamical systems theory|dynamical systems]] approach to understanding [[cognitive development]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Linda B |last2=Thelen |first2=Esther |title=A Dynamic systems approach to development: applications |date=1993 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-585-03867-4 |oclc=42854628 }}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}</ref>
|}

Some of the more recognized names in cognitive science are usually either the most controversial or the most cited. Within philosophy, some familiar names include [[Daniel Dennett]], who writes from a computational systems perspective,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/computational-mind/|title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|last=Rescorla|first=Michael|date=2017-01-01|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Spring 2017|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318041151/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/computational-mind/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Searle]], known for his controversial [[Chinese room]] argument,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/chineser/|title=Chinese Room Argument|last=Hauser|first=Larry|website=Internet Enclclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427025158/http://www.iep.utm.edu/chineser/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Jerry Fodor]], who advocates [[Functionalism (philosophy of mind)|functionalism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/fodor/|title=Fodor, Jerry {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-27|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017085412/http://www.iep.utm.edu/fodor/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Others include [[David Chalmers]], who advocates [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|Dualism]] and is also known for articulating [[the hard problem of consciousness]], and [[Douglas Hofstadter]], famous for writing ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach]]'', which questions the nature of words and thought.

In the realm of linguistics, [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[George Lakoff]] have been influential (both have also become notable as political commentators). In [[artificial intelligence]], [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Herbert A. Simon]], and [[Allen Newell]] are prominent.

Popular names in the discipline of psychology include [[George Armitage Miller|George A. Miller]], [[James McClelland (psychologist)|James McClelland]], [[Philip Johnson-Laird]], [[Lawrence Barsalou]], [[Vittorio Guidano]], [[Howard Gardner]] and [[Steven Pinker]]. Anthropologists [[Dan Sperber]], [[Edwin Hutchins]], [[Bradd Shore]], [[James Wertsch]] and [[Scott Atran]], have been involved in collaborative projects with cognitive and social psychologists, political scientists and evolutionary biologists in attempts to develop general theories of culture formation, religion, and political association.

Computational theories (with models and simulations) have also been developed, by [[David Rumelhart]], [[James McClelland (psychologist)|James McClelland]] and [[Philip Johnson-Laird]].