Editing Deep brain stimulation (section)

=== Dystonia ===
DBS is also used to treat [[dystonia]], a [[movement disorder]] characterized by sustained repetitive muscle contractions causing painful abnormal postures and involuntary movements. DBS is effective in treating primary generalized dystonia, and also used for focal variants such as cervical and task-specific dystonias. In studies targeting the GPi using high frequency DBS there were improvements of ~45% within the first six months of treatment.<ref name="nejm.org"/>

In contrast to some symptoms in Parkinson's disease or essential tremor, improvements in dystonia are appear over weeks to months. The delay is thought to be a consequence of the complexity of dystonic motor circuits and the time required for long-term neuroplastic remodeling. Despite its slower onset, many individuals experience lasting and meaningful improvements.

Recent large-scale mapping efforts have suggested slightly different optimal target sites for different kinds of dystonia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Horn |first1=Andreas |date=2022-04-05 |title=Optimal deep brain stimulation sites and networks for cervical vs. generalized dystonia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=14 |pages=e2114985119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2114985119 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9168456 |pmid=35357970|bibcode=2022PNAS..11914985H }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Butenko |first1=Konstantin |title=Engaging dystonia networks with subthalamic stimulation |date=2024-05-25 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2024.05.24.24307896 |pmc=11188120 |pmid=38903109 |journal=MedRxiv: The Preprint Server for Health Sciences }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Wolf-Julian|date=December 2017 |title=A localized pallidal physiomarker in cervical dystonia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.25095 |journal=Annals of Neurology |language=en |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=912–924 |doi=10.1002/ana.25095 |pmid=29130551 |issn=0364-5134|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barow |first1=Ewgenia |date=November 2014 |title=Deep brain stimulation suppresses pallidal low frequency activity in patients with phasic dystonic movements |journal=Brain |language=en |volume=137 |issue=11 |pages=3012–3024 |doi=10.1093/brain/awu258 |issn=1460-2156 |pmc=4813762 |pmid=25212852}}</ref>