Editing Mu'tazilism (section)

==Legacy==

Today, Mu'tazilism persists mainly in the [[Maghreb]] among those who call themselves the ''Wasiliyah''. Referring to [[Wasil ibn Ata]] the reputed founder of Mu'tazila, the movement uses the mantle of the Mu'tazila primarily as an identity marker.<ref name="Byrd-2007">{{cite book |last1=Byrd |first1=Anthony Robert |title=A Euro-American 'Ulama? Mu 'tazilism, (Post)Modernity, and Minority Islam |date=27 November 2007 |url=https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=rs_theses/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210823/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=rs_theses%2F |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Van Ess |first=Joseph |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |date=2005 |publisher=Macmillian Reference USA |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Lindsay |edition=2nd |volume=9 |location=Detroit |pages=6322}}</ref>

The Arab Islamic philosopher [[Ismail al-Faruqi]], widely recognised by his peers as an authority on Islam and [[comparative religion]], was deeply influenced by the Mu'tazila.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=5d2e31eac71dd |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-12-13 |archive-date=2021-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014234228/https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=5d2e31eac71dd |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[pan-Islamist]] revolutionary [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]], was noted for embracing Mu'tazilite views.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-islam.org/history-muslim-philosophy-volume-2-book-8/chapter-74-jamal-al-din-al-afghani|title=Chapter 74: Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani|date=September 3, 2015|website=www.al-islam.org|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411094050/https://www.al-islam.org/history-muslim-philosophy-volume-2-book-8/chapter-74-jamal-al-din-al-afghani|url-status=live}}</ref> His student [[Muhammad Abduh]] (1849–1905) was one of the key founding figures of [[Islamic Modernism]] that contributed to a revival of Mu'tazilite thought in [[Egypt]], although he himself does not seem to have called himself a Mu'tazilite.<ref name="al-rahim">{{cite journal |last1=H. Al-Rahim |first1=Ahmed |title=Islam and Liberty |journal=Journal of Democracy |date=January 2006 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=166–169|doi=10.1353/jod.2006.0002 |s2cid=154412966 }}</ref> After he was appointed [[Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah|Grand Mufti of Egypt]] in 1899, he attempted to adapt Islam to the modern times and to introduce changes in the teachings at [[Al-Azhar University]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Malcolm H. |editor1-last=Hoiberg |editor1-first=Dale H. |title='Abduh Muhammad |date=2010 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1-59339-837-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/20 20–21] |edition=15 |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/20 }}</ref> Although his reforms were disputed by traditional [[Sunni]] establishment as well as his immediate successors such as [[Rashid Rida|Muhammad Rashid Rida]] (1865–1935 C.E), 'Abduh would become the chief source of inspiration for later [[Islamic modernism|modernist]] and [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|reformist]] scholars and philosophers<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benzine |first1=Rachid |title=Les Nouveaux Penseurs de l'Islam |date=2008 |publisher=Albin Michel |isbn=978-2-226-29040-3}}</ref> such as [[Fazlur Rahman Malik|Fazlur Rahman]] (1919–1988),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195148039}}</ref> [[Farid Esack]] (born 1959),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Esack |first1=Farid |title=On Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=1-85168-146-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/onbeingmuslimfin0000esac }}</ref> and in particular [[Harun Nasution]] (1919–1998)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Richard C. |last2=Woodward |first2=Mark R. |last3=Atmaja |first3=Dwi S. |title=Defenders of Reason in Islam: Muʿtazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol |url=https://archive.org/details/defendersreasoni00mart |url-access=limited |date=1997 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/defendersreasoni00mart/page/n180 164]|isbn=9781851681471 }}</ref> and [[Nasr Abu Zayd]] (1943–2010).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abu Zayd |first1=Nasr |title=Rationalism in Exegesis: A Study of the Problem of Metaphor in the Writing of the Mutazilites |date=1998 |location=Beirut and Casablanca |edition=4}}</ref>

The '''Association for the Renaissance of Mu'tazilite Islam''' ({{langx|fr|Association pour la renaissance de l’Islam mutazilite}}, '''ARIM''') was founded in France in February 2017 by [[:fr:Eva_Janadin|Eva Janadin]] and Faker Korchane.<ref name="arim">{{cite web |title=Mutazilisme |url=http://mutazilisme.fr |website=mutazilisme.fr |access-date=23 July 2018 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105123/http://mutazilisme.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In contemporary [[Salafi jihadism]], "Mu'tazilite" is used as an epithet by rival groups hoping to undermine each other's credibility. The North African "Institute for the Faith Brigades" denounced [[Osama bin Laden|Bin Laden]]'s "misguided errors" and accused [[Abu Hafs al Mawritani]], a leading figure in [[Al-Qaeda]]'s juridical committee, of being a Mu'tazilite.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Jihadis divided between strategists and doctrinarians | first = Brynjar | last = Lia | editor-last=Moghadam | editor-first=Assaf | editor-last2=Fishman | editor-first2=Brian | title=Fault Lines in Global Jihad : Organizational, Strategic, and Ideological Fissures. | publisher=Taylor & Francis | publication-place=Hoboken | date=2011 | isbn=978-0-203-81492-5 | oclc=797919202}}</ref>