Editing November-class submarine (section)

====K-27====
{{Main|Soviet submarine K-27}}
K-27 was laid down on 15 June 1958 and launched on 1 April 1962. The submarine was commissioned on 30 October 1963 after full-scale builders sea trials and official tests. Design task was assigned to OKB-16, one of the two predecessors (the other being SKB-143) of the famous [[Malachite Central Design Bureau]], which would eventually become one of the three Soviet/Russian submarine design centers, along with [[Rubin Design Bureau]] and [[Lazurit Central Design Bureau]] ("Lazurit" is the Russian word for [[lazurite]]).

The first patrol mission of the experimental submarine to [[Atlantic Ocean|Central Atlantic]] was performed between 21 April – 12 June 1964 (52 days). Captain of K-27, captain 1st rank I.I. Gulyaev was awarded with the [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] for mission success and record of submarine continuous underwater stay. The second patrol mission to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] took place between 29 June – 30 August 1965 (60 days), K-27 detected and performed a training attack with a nuclear torpedo against USS [[USS Randolph (CV-15)|''Randolph'']] aircraft carrier during NATO naval maneuvers off [[Sardinia]]. US carrier force could only detect K-27 when she obtained range to the training target after the "torpedo attack" but Soviet captain P.F. Leonov skillfully disengaged. K-27 passed 12,425 miles (including 12,278 miles undersea) during the first cruise and 15,000 miles during the second one. K-27 entered service with the [[Soviet Northern Fleet|Red Banner Northern Fleet]] (given to 17th submarine division, based in [[Ostrovnoy, Murmansk Oblast|Gremikha]]) on 7 September 1965 as the test submarine.

An emergency in the port-side reactor took place on 24 May 1968 in the [[Barents Sea]] during trials of submerged K-27 at full speed (AR-1 automatic control rod raised up spontaneously and the reactor power decreased from 83% to 7% during 60–90 sec). The responsible officers informed the command before trials that port-side reactor was not tested yet after small failure took place on 13 October 1967 but their warnings were not taken into consideration. The emergency was accompanied by gamma activity excursion in the reactor compartment (up to 150 R/hour and higher) and spread of radioactive gas along the other compartments. All crewmembers (124 men) were irradiated, and the main reason according to some crewmembers' memoirs was the fact that the submarine captain, Captain 1st Rank P.F. Leonov, believed in the reliability of a new type of the reactor too much, so he didn't give the order to resurface immediately, didn't inform crew members in other compartments about radiation hazards on board and even allowed the crew to have a usual dinner. A radiation alarm was transmitted only after a chemical officer and a doctor requested it. K-27 resurfaced and returned from training area to its home base using the starboard reactor. The submarine was placed at pier in [[Severomorsk]] and a depot ship continuously piped steam to the submarine to avoid cooling of heat-transfer metal in the reactor. The most heavily irradiated ten men (holders from the reactor compartment) were transported by aircraft to Leningrad 1st naval hospital next day but four of them (V. Voevoda, V. Gritsenko, V. Kulikov and A. Petrov) died within a month. Electrician I. Ponomarenko died on watch in the emergency reactor compartment on 29 May. More than 30 sailors participated in accident elimination died between 1968 and 2003 because of over exposure to radiation and the Soviet government held back the truth about the tragic consequences of that reactor emergency for many years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ruspodlodka.narod.ru/book/k-27.htm |title=Посвящается экипажу АПЛ К-27 |access-date=13 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114143819/http://ruspodlodka.narod.ru/book/k-27.htm |archive-date=14 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.lib.ru/m/mazurenko_w_n/history.shtml|title=-27 " "|access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>

K-27 was tied up in Gremikha Bay from 20 June 1968, with cooling reactors and different experimental works done on board, until 1973, when rebuilding or replacement of the port-side reactor was judged to be too expensive. The submarine was decommissioned on 1 February 1979 and her reactor compartment was filled with special solidifying mixture of [[Furfuryl alcohol|furfurol]] and [[bitumen]] in summer 1981 (the work was performed by [[Severodvinsk]] shipyard No.&nbsp;893 "Zvezdochka"). K-27 was towed to a special training area in the [[Kara Sea]] and scuttled there on 6 September 1982 in the point 72°31'N 55°30'E (north-east coast of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Stepovoy Bay]]) at a depth of only 33&nbsp;m (in contravention of an [[IAEA]] requirement that the submarine be scuttled in water at least 3,000–4,000&nbsp;m deep).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nts/645/k27/k27.htm|title=-27 645|access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>