Editing Programming language (section)

==Proprietary languages==
Although most of the most commonly used programming languages have fully open specifications and implementations, many programming languages exist only as proprietary programming languages with the implementation available only from a single vendor, which may claim that such a proprietary language is their intellectual property. Proprietary programming languages are commonly [[domain-specific language]]s or internal [[scripting language]]s for a single product; some proprietary languages are used only internally within a vendor, while others are available to external users.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Some programming languages exist on the border between proprietary and open; for example, [[Oracle Corporation]] asserts proprietary rights to some aspects of the [[Java programming language]],<ref>See: [[Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc.]]{{User-generated source|date=June 2023}}</ref> and [[Microsoft]]'s [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] programming language, which has open implementations of most parts of the system, also has [[Common Language Runtime]] (CLR) as a closed environment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/|title=Guide to Programming Languages {{!}} ComputerScience.org|work=ComputerScience.org|access-date=2018-05-13|language=en-US|archive-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513223729/https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many proprietary languages are widely used, in spite of their proprietary nature; examples include [[MATLAB]], [[VBScript]], and [[Wolfram Language]]. Some languages may make the transition from closed to open; for example, [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]] was originally Ericsson's internal programming language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-erlang1/index.html|title=The basics|date=2011-05-10|website=ibm.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-13|archive-date=14 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514064903/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-erlang1/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[List of open-source programming languages|Open source programming languages]] are particularly helpful for [[open science]] applications, enhancing the capacity for [[Replication crisis|replication]] and code sharing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Abdullah I. |last2=Hanson |first2=Kent A. |last3=Gaber |first3=Charles E. |last4=Lee |first4=Todd A. |date=2023 |title=Optimizing large real-world data analysis with parquet files in R: A step-by-step tutorial |journal=Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=e5728 |doi=10.1002/pds.5728|doi-access=free |pmid=37984998 }}</ref>