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Public–private partnership
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== Institutional support == Aside from the support of national governments and financial firms, PPPs are promoted by the following institutions: ===PPP units=== [[Public–private partnership unit]]s are organizations responsible for promoting, facilitating, and assessing P3s in their territory. They can be government agencies, or semi-independent organizations created with full or part government support. Governments tend to create these units as a response to criticisms of the implementation of P3 projects in their country prior to the creation of the P3 unit.<ref name=":ST2015">{{Cite journal|last=Siemiatycki|first=Matti|date=September 1, 2015|title=Public-Private Partnerships in Canada: Reflections on twenty years of practice|journal=Canadian Public Administration|language=en|volume=58|issue=3|pages=343–362|doi=10.1111/capa.12119|issn=1754-7121}}</ref> In 2009, 50% of [[OECD]] countries had created a centralized PPP unit, and many more of these institutions exist in other countries.<ref name="Literature Review: Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Centralised PPP Units">{{cite web|author=Alberto Lemma|title=Literature Review: Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Centralised PPP Units|url=http://partnerplatform.org/?52awcpfx|publisher=EPS PEAKS}}</ref> === Accounting firms === The "[[Big Four accounting firms|big four]]" accounting firms of [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], [[Deloitte]], [[Ernst & Young]], and [[KPMG]] have been involved in the public–private partnership model from its inception. Advisors from these companies have been tapped to develop PPP policies and procedures in multiple countries. These companies then went on to evaluate those procedures, appraise individual projects, and act as a consultants for private and public partners in PPP contract negotiations. Accounting firms sometimes even have an equity stake in projects that they appraise the value for money.<ref name=":04" /> Due to these conflict of interests, multiple authors have argues that the "big four"'s public project appraisals are biased towards the PPP funding option against the traditional procurement model.<ref name=":0" /> === International institutions === [[File:UNCTAD People-First Public-Private Partnerships.jpg|thumb|Participants of ''People-First Public-Private Partnerships'' during the [[World Investment Forum]] 2018]] The [[World Bank]] works to promote public–private partnerships in countries where it operates. The [[United Nations]]' [[Sustainable Development Goal 17]] target 17.17 is formulated as: "Encourage effective partnerships: Encourage and promote effective public, public–private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships."<ref name="United">{{Cite book|last=United|first=Nations|url=http://ggim.un.org/documents/A_RES_71_313.pdf|title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017: Work of the statistical commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development|publisher=United Nations General Assembly|date=10 July 2017|pages=1–25}}</ref> The success of this target is measured by the amount in [[United States dollar]]s committed to public–private partnerships for infrastructure worldwide.<ref name="SDG tracker 17">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. [https://sdg-tracker.org/global-partnerships "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 17)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' (2018)</ref> === United States foreign policy === The American government seeks to promote public–private partnerships around the globe to meet its various foreign policy goals. [[USAID]] promoted PPPs with [[Global Development Alliances]] and through the [[Development Credit Authority]], which was merged into the [[Overseas Private Investment Corporation]] in 2019. The [[United States Department of State|State department]] also promotes PPPs through its [[Office of Global Partnerships]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public-Private Partnerships in Foreign Aid: Leveraging U.S. Assistance for Greater Impact and Sustainability {{!}} United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|url=https://www.foreign.senate.gov/hearings/public-private-partnerships-in-foreign-aid-leveraging-us-assistance-for-greater-impact-and-sustainability-071216p|access-date=2021-03-25|website=www.foreign.senate.gov|date=12 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
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