Editing Science and technology in China (section)

== Specific areas of R&D ==
[[File:Value high-tech exports 2009.PNG|thumb|Value in [[United States dollar|dollars]] of [[high tech]] exports by country in 2009. The value of Chinese high tech exports was more than twice that of any other nation.]]The ''13th Five-Year Plan for the National Economy and Social Development'' (2016–2020) will initiate the key Scientific and Technological Innovation 2030 Project in the following key areas: aero-engines and gas turbines; a deep sea station; quantum communication and quantum computers; brain sciences and brain research. The project also encompasses nine other sub-projects, including an innovative seed industry, smart grid, space-terrestrial information network, intelligent manufacturing and robots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/NPC_CPPCC_2016/2016-03/11/content_38000088.htm|title=China's new vision for the next five years|last1=Tang|first1=Shubiao|date=11 March 2016|website=China Today}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
There is a lack of arable land and water which means only new technology can increase the output of [[Agriculture in China|Chinese agriculture]]. [[Chinese Communist Party]] former general secretary [[Jiang Zemin]] has therefore called for a "new revolution in agricultural science and technology."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caas.net.cn/engforcaas/intrduction.htm|title=Untitled Document|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127032051/http://www.caas.net.cn/engforcaas/intrduction.htm|archive-date=2012-01-27|access-date=2012-03-02}}</ref> Restrictions and regulations concerning [[genetically modified food]]s have been introduced or proposed after widespread public concern.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/china-power/2012/02/29/china-shuts-down-ge-rice/|title=China Shuts Down GE Rice?|author=Monica Tan, The Diplomat|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> China has been buying millions of foreign breeder animals as well as large amount of foreign semen and livestock embryos in order to rapidly improve the genetics of Chinese livestock.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/sns-rt-us-usa-china-foodbre83j05r-20120419,0,5334830.story?page=1|title=Insight: U.S. barnyards help China super-size food production|date=19 April 2012|work=tribunedigital-chicagotribune}}</ref> More advanced agricultural methods such as increasing use of [[pesticide]]s has contributed to concerns regarding the [[Food safety in China]].

=== Aquaculture and fishing ===
[[File:Cyprinus carpio.jpeg|thumb|The [[common carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio'').]]
In 2008 the [[fishing industry in China]] accounted for 34% of the global output. [[Aquaculture in China]] had more than twice the output of capture fishing and contributed 62.3% of the global aquaculture output.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/sofia/en|title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Topics|work=fao.org}}</ref> The rapid growth of aquaculture is in part due to Chinese research such as regarding the artificial breeding of [[carp]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_china/en|title=FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview (NASO)|date=1 February 2005|work=fao.org}}</ref><ref name="research">{{cite web|url=http://www.cafs.ac.cn/english/Research-Achievement.html|title=CAFS-Research Achievement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328012249/http://www.cafs.ac.cn/english/Research-Achievement.html|archive-date=2012-03-28|access-date=2012-05-24}}</ref>

===Chemistry, materials science and nanotechnology===
A 2012 study found that China's share of academic papers in the field of [[nanotechnology]] had increased from less than 10% in 2000 to nearly a quarter in 2009 and had overtaken the United States for first position. However, China was less influential in the top three journals and regarding citations, suggesting a lesser quality.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/en/new-technologies/nanotechnology/news/china-soaring-ahead-in-nanotechnology-research.html|title=China 'soaring ahead' in nanotechnology research|work=SciDev.Net}}</ref>  In terms of the density of publication, however, the United States remained ahead, with 68.76 articles on nanotechnology per million inhabitants, compared to 25.44 per million for China in 2014.<ref name=":4" /> China was in second place for the number of patents granted. A number of bodies have been created to establish national standards and ensure oversight.<ref name=":3" />

According to the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, which is affiliated with the Ministry of Science and Technology, China contributed about one-quarter of all academic articles published around the world in materials science and chemistry and 17% of those published in physics between 2004 and 2014 but just 8.7% of those in molecular biology and genetics. This nevertheless represents a steep rise from just 1.4% of the world share of publications in molecular biology and genetics over 1999–2003.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />[[File:Ganjiaxiang - industrial panorama - P1070643.JPG|thumb|right|Jinling oil refinery in [[Nanjing]].]]
[[KPMG]] in 2010 predicted that the Chinese [[chemical industry]] will become world's largest producer by 2015. The Chinese government aims to make China self-sufficient regarding [[petrochemicals]] and [[plastics]] with the exception of the raw feedstock of oil and gas. The Chinese industry is increasing R&D in order to create higher value products using more advanced technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpmg.de/WhatWeDo/23632.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803184829/http://www.kpmg.de/WhatWeDo/23632.htm |access-date=2012-04-12|archive-date=August 3, 2012|title=KPMG - High Growth Markets magazine - Chemicals }}</ref>

=== Deep sea exploration ===
China is developing its [[deep sea exploration]] capabilities, such as by the [[Jiaolong (submersible)|Jiaolong]] [[submersible]], with an eye to future applications such as [[deep sea mining]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/science/12deepsea.html|title=China Explores a Frontier 2 Miles Deep|last1=Broad|first1=William J.|date=11 September 2010|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

=== Electronics and information technology ===
{{see also|Electronics industry in China|Telecommunications industry in China|Internet in China|Software industry in China}}
In 2009 China manufactured 48.3% of the world's televisions, 49.9% of mobile phones, 60.9% of personal computers and 75% of LCD monitors. Indigenously made electronic components have become an important source of recent growth.

==== Artificial intelligence ====
On 8 July 2017, the Chinese State Council announced plans to turn China into the world leader in [[Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence (AI)]] by 2030, seeking to make the industry worth 1 trillion yuan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/21/china-ai-world-leader-by-2030.html|title=China wants to be a $150 billion world leader in AI by 2030|last1=Kharpal|first1=Arjun|website=[[CNBC]] |date=2017-07-21|access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> The State Council published a three-step [[Technology roadmap|road map]] to that effect in which it outlined how it expects AI to be developed and deployed across a wide number of industries and sectors, such as in areas from the military to city planning.<ref name=":1" /> According to the road map, China plans to catch up to current AI world leaders' technological abilities by 2020, make major breakthroughs by 2025 and be the world leader in 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2103568/world-dominance-three-steps-china-sets-out-road-map-lead-artificial|title=China sets out road map to lead world in artificial intelligence by 2030|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=2017-07-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2017-07-21/101119663.html|title=China Outlines Ambitions to Become World Leader in AI by 2025 - Caixin Global|website=Caixin Global|language=en|access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref>

==== Drones and robotics ====
China is the leader in [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] technology, it is the first country in the world to create large scale transport drones, as well as the first to produce an amphibious drone. Chinese drone companies such as [[DJI (company)|DJI]] and [[Ehang UAV|Ehang (Beijing Yi-Hang Creation Science & Technology)]] conquered majority of the civilian drone industry, with DJI alone dominating 85% of the global market share. Ehang also created the world's first ''flying taxi'' drone, [[Ehang UAV|Ehang 184]], an [[Environmentally friendly|eco-friendly]] low altitude [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|autonomous aerial vehicle]] capable of providing transportation and medium distance communication.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/china-s-drone-makers-teach-chinese-brands/308870/|title=What China's Drone Makers Could Teach Other Chinese Brands|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/detail/Startup_and_IT/30327383|title=Chinese engineers make plane into first large delivery drone - The Nation|work=The Nation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://thedronegirl.com/2017/02/26/dji-yuneec-autel-mota/|title=DJI is dominating the consumer drone industry, so which companies are left? - The Drone Girl|date=26 February 2017|work=The Drone Girl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbn.co.za/component/k2/first-city-in-the-world-to-have-flying-taxis-the-future-is-here|title=First city in the world to have flying taxis; the future is here - Cape Business News|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/09/27/technology/china-amphibious-drone/index.html|title=This Chinese drone can take off and land on water|last1=Pham|first1=Sherisse|work=CNNMoney}}</ref>

In some regions, such as the [[Pearl River Delta]], manufacturers have problems with labor shortages, raising wages, and higher expectations regarding work from more highly educated young people. This has increased the demand for [[industrial robot]]s. As of 2017, China is the largest user and producer of [[robotics]] technology, as well as the first country in the world to perform an [[Automation|automated]] [[dental implant]]. It is the largest and fastest-growing robotics market in the world, and plans to manufacture at least 100,000 industrial robots annually by 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/weekly/2011-12/30/content_14354888.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109013847/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/weekly/2011-12/30/content_14354888.htm | date = 30 December 2011 | archive-date= 9 January 2012 | title= A message from robots: it's our turn | work = China Daily  | author1= Edward Tse | author2= Matthias Hendrichs | url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4952886/china-world-first-dental-surgery-robot-implant/|title=Chinese Robot Installed Dental Implant Without Human Help|last1=Lui|first1=Kevin|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/06/chinas-blueprint-to-crush-the-us-robotics-industry.html|title=China's blueprint to crush the US robotics industry|first=Andrew |last=Zaleski|date=6 September 2017|work=CNBC}}</ref>

==== Software industry ====
The Chinese software industry in 2010 had a higher than 15% share of the world's software and information service market and had been growing by an average 36% each year during the previous decade. Chinese IT companies have been moving away from narrow downstream services and products to having a full range. China, with the active support of the Chinese government, is a leading pioneer in [[Internet of Things]] technology.<ref name="IT">[http://readperiodicals.com/201201/2562864021.html#b] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326004219/http://readperiodicals.com/201201/2562864021.html|date=2012-03-26}}</ref>

According to the [[China Internet Network Information Center]] there were 751 million [[internet]] users as of 2017, with 53.2% of the population being internet users. The number of mobile internet users reached 724 million, with high penetration rates for [[mobile phone]]s and [[Internet access|broadband internet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=China's audacious and inventive new generation of entrepreneurs|url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21729429-industries-and-consumers-around-world-will-soon-feel-their-impact-chinas-audacious-and|newspaper=The Economist|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese apps dominate most-used Android app rankings|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinese-apps-dominate-most-used-android-app-rankings|work=The Straits Times|date=21 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> By 2017, China has the largest [[e-commerce]] market in the world, worth US$1.132 trillion, with a significant lead on other markets and almost tripling US market, the second largest.<ref>{{cite news|title=China's ecommerce market to pass $1.1tn in 2017|url=http://www.thedrum.com/news/2017/07/05/china-s-ecommerce-market-pass-11tn-2017|work=The Drum|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, there were more than 1.36 billion mobile subscribers in China, with the number of [[Landline|fixed line subscriptions]] hitting 310 million. The number of [[4G]] users increased significantly, hitting 932 million by August 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=China: mobile users 2017 {{!}} Statista|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/278204/china-mobile-users-by-month/|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China 4G subscriber base hits 932M - Mobile World Live|url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/featured-content/top-three/china-4g-user-base-hits-927m/|work=Mobile World Live|date=20 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China's Fixed-line Broadband Penetration Rate To Hit 63% This Year – China Money Network|url=https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2017/04/27/chinas-fixed-line-broadband-penetration-rate-to-hit-63-this-year|work=www.chinamoneynetwork.com}}</ref> By 2020, China plans to adopt [[5G]] network nationwide. State-owned [[China Telecom]] has already deployed 5G-oriented C-RAN fronthaul network, unveiling that it will be conducting commercial trials of 5G technology in 2019 and carry out network field trials in six Chinese cities in the latest sign of China's determination to lead the global deployment of the next-generation mobile technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/article/chinas-advanced-5g-network-set-adoption-2020/|title=China's advanced 5G network set for adoption in 2020|date=August 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Daniels|first1=Guy|title=China Telecom deploys 5G-oriented C-RAN fronthaul network|url=http://www.telecomtv.com/articles/5g/china-telecom-deploys-5g-oriented-c-ran-fronthaul-network-15974/|work=TelecomTV|date=22 September 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China Telecom Plans Commercial 5G Trials in 2019 {{!}} Light Reading|url=http://www.lightreading.com/mobile/5g/china-telecom-plans-commercial-5g-trials-in-2019/d/d-id/735684|work=Light Reading|language=en}}</ref>

====Microprocessors====
China has its own versions of microprocessors, manufactured and developed domestically, which are also used to build the world's most powerful supercomputers.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!processor architecture
!Processor name
!Manufacturer
!supported OS
!Supercomputer
|-
|RISC64
|[[SW26010]]
|[[Sunway (processor)|ShenWei]]
|RaiseOS (Linux)
|[[Sunway TaihuLight]]
|-
|MIPS64
|[[Loongson]], Godson
|ICT & [[Chinese Academy of Sciences|CAS]]
|Android, Linux, BSD
|[[Dawning Information Industry#Dawning 6000|Dawning 6000]]
|-
|Power8, Power9 (IBM)
|PowerCore CP1, CP2
|Suzhou PowerCore
|[[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server|Suse Linux]]
|
|-
|SPARC64
|[[FeiTeng]]3rd gen, Galaxy FT-1500
|[[YinHeFeiTeng]]
|[[Kylin (operating system)|Kylin Linux]]
|[[Tianhe-2]]
|-
|IA64 (Itanium)
|[[FeiTeng]] 1st gen
|[[YinHeFeiTeng]]
|
|
|-
|ARM64
|Phytium Mars, Xiaomi
|Phytium Technology
|[[Kylin (operating system)|Kylin Linux]]
|
|-
|x86-64 (VIA)
|KX-7000, KH-40000 
|[[Zhaoxin]]
|[[Unity Operating System]]
|
|-
|ARM64
|Kungpeng
|[[HiSilicon]]
|[[EulerOS]]/[[Unity Operating System]]
|
|-
|ARM64
|Kirin 900
|[[HiSilicon]]
|[[Android (operating system)|Android]]/[[Harmony OS]]
|
|-
|x86-64 (AMD Zen)
| 
|THATIC
|
|
|}

==== Supercomputing ====
[[Supercomputing in China]] has expanded rapidly. [[Supercomputing]] affects the possibility to do cutting-edge research in many areas such as design of [[pharmaceuticals]], [[cryptanalysis]], [[natural resource]] exploration, [[climate model]]s, and [[military technology]]. As of 2017, China had 202 of the 500 most powerful [[supercomputer]]s in the world, far exceeding any other country (including the US which has 143), in addition to possessing the top 2 most powerful supercomputers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese supercomputer is the world's fastest — and without using US chips|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/20/11975356/chinese-supercomputer-worlds-fastes-taihulight|work=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China dominates top supercomputers list|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41971380|work=BBC News|date=13 November 2017}}</ref> China is developing the capacity to manufacture the components domestically and plans to be the first to build an [[Exascale computing|exascale supercomputer]]. China may also be planning to create much more powerful large-scale distributed supercomputing by connecting its supercomputer centers together.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/|title=The Daily Beast|website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> [[Tianhe-I|Tianhe-1]] was for a period in 2010-2011 the world's fastest supercomputer.<ref name="Tianhe-I">{{citation
 | title = China's Defense University builds World Third fastest supercomputer
 | url = http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/?p=5180
 | publisher = china-defense-mashup.com
 | date = 29 October 2009}}</ref> In June 2013, [[Tianhe-2]], the successor to Tianhe-1, took the crown from its predecessor. In 2016, China's new supercomputer, [[Sunway TaihuLight]] became the world's most powerful supercomputer, significantly surpassing Tianhe-2's capabilities by three folds, while using Chinese-made chips. This signals China's success not only in the supercomputing industry, but also its domestic chip-making technology.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=China's New Supercomputer Puts the U.S. Even Farther Behind—Like, Way Behind|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/06/fastest-supercomputer-sunway-taihulight/|magazine=WIRED}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China's Tianhe-2 Caps Top 10 Supercomputers|author=Davey Alba|author-link=Davey Alba|date=June 17, 2013|work=IEEE Spectrum|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/tianhe2-caps-top-10-supercomputers}}</ref>

==== Semiconductors ====

China's [[semiconductor industry]] has, despite extensive governmental support, had many problems, such as innovative new designs. This may be due to factors such as poorly guided state and local government support for soon outdated technologies and geographically scattered efforts, lacking engineering education, and poor protection of intellectual property. However various trends may change this, such a new emphasis on market mechanisms rather than direct support, concentration of efforts, the return of Chinese who have studied abroad, increased pressure on foreign companies to transfer technology, indigenous Chinese technological standards, and increased demands for indigenous technology in the local market.<ref name="semi" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/Opportunities-for-Chinas-semiconductor-industry-30178694.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403034147/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/Opportunities-for-Chinas-semiconductor-industry-30178694.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 3, 2013|title=Opportunities for China's semiconductor industry|date=26 March 2012|work=The Nation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitimes.com/Reports/Report.asp?datepublish=2011/08/03&pages=RS&seq=400|title=Expectations for China's semiconductor industry during the 12th Five Year Plan|first=Nobunaga|last= Chai|date=August 3, 2011 }}</ref>

The country has rapidly progressed in the semiconductor industry, while backing its largest chip maker and developer, [[Tsinghua Unigroup]], with a US$150 billion funding to secure China's dominance in the semiconductor technology, and build a world-class semiconductor industry over the next 5 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=China's Top Chipmaker Secures $22 Billion to Expand Globally|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-28/china-s-largest-chipmaker-secures-22-billion-to-expand-globally|work=Bloomberg.com|date=28 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China's largest chipmaker secures US$22bn in funds|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2017/03/29/2003667650|work=www.taipeitimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China will dominate the global semiconductor market in the next 5 years|url=http://electroiq.com/blog/2017/07/china-will-dominate-the-global-semiconductor-market-in-the-next-5-years/|work=electroiq.com}}</ref> However, as of 2020 China has yet to achieve dominance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Semiconductors are China's Choke Point|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2020-10-24/bloomberg-new-economy-semiconductors-are-china-s-choke-point|work=Bloomberg.com|date=24 October 2020}}</ref>

=== Entertainment-related technologies ===
The [[Chinese animation]] industry and access to the latest technology, such as [[3D computer graphics|3D]] [[computer-generated imagery]] technology, is actively supported by the Chinese government and included in the latest national planning. In part, this may be because of a desire to increase Chinese [[soft power]]. The same technology as in Hollywood is available and much [[postproduction]] is outsourced to China. Successful indigenous artistic creativity is seen as a problem and may be restricted by factors such as production being aimed at getting government patronage rather than public approval, censorship, and some storylines based on Chinese culture not appealing to foreign audiences.<ref>Benjamin Haas, Chinese make big push into animation, August 17, 2011, [[Los Angeles Times]]</ref> [[DreamWorks Animation]], in a joint venture with Chinese companies, will set up a studio in Shanghai that may eventually get bigger than DreamWorks HQ, in part to avoid to quota restrictions on foreign films with China within a decade having been predicted to become the world's biggest cinema and entertainment market.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dreamworks-animation-unveil-landmark-joint-291260|title=DreamWorks Animation to Unveil Landmark Joint Venture in China (Report)|author=Georg Szalai|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2012/02/dreamworks-animation-china-studio-oriental-dreamworks.html|title=DreamWorks Animation unveils China studio plans|date=17 February 2012|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> [[Disney]] has also entered into a partnership in order to help develop the Chinese animation industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2012-apr-11-la-fi-ct-disney-china-animation-20120411-story.html|title=Disney, China to join in animation initiative|last1=Pierson|first1=David|date=11 April 2012|work=Los Angeles Times|last2=Verrier|first2=Richard}}</ref>

The China Research Institute of Film Science & Technology and the [[China Film Group Corporation]] developed and in 2012 put into commercial use the [[DMAX (company)|DMAX]] [[motion picture]] [[film format]] as well as associated technologies. It has been described as a competitor to [[IMAX]] and as laying the foundation for Chinese film projection technology using indigenous Chinese technology and intellectual property.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6909/2012/04/09/2724s692318.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417024158/http://english.cri.cn/6909/2012/04/09/2724s692318.htm|archive-date=April 17, 2012|title=Makers of DMAX Aim to Break IMAX Monopoly|work=cri.cn}}</ref>

=== Environment-friendly technologies ===
{{Main|Environmental issues in China}}
Rapid industrialization has been accompanied by many [[Environmental issues in China|environmental problems]] and rising [[pollution in China]]. One part of the Chinese response involves advanced technology such as the world's largest high-speed rail network and high fuel efficiency requirements for vehicles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=J.|last2=Mauzerall|first2=D. L.|last3=Zhu|first3=T.|last4=Liang|first4=S.|last5=Ezzati|first5=M.|last6=Remais|first6=J. V.|year=2010|title=Environmental health in China: Progress towards clean air and safe water|journal=The Lancet|volume=375|issue=9720|pages=1110–9|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60062-1|pmc=4210128|pmid=20346817}}</ref> China is rapidly expanding its [[wastewater]] treatment systems and power plant emission reduction systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/09/25/000310607_20070925111156/Rendered/PDF/409640P0704130Public.pdf|title=Stepping up - Improving the performance of China's urban water utilities|author=Greg Browder|year=2007|website=worldbank.org|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Z.|last2=Streets|first2=D. G.|last3=Zhang|first3=Q.|last4=Wang|first4=S.|last5=Carmichael|first5=G. R.|last6=Cheng|first6=Y. F.|last7=Wei|first7=C.|last8=Chin|first8=M.|last9=Diehl|first9=T.|year=2010|title=Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since 2000|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics|volume=10|issue=13|page=6311|doi=10.5194/acp-10-6311-2010|last10=Tan|first10=Q.|bibcode=2010ACP....10.6311L|doi-access=free}}</ref> Due to the [[Chinese water crisis]], as well as for future exports, China is building up its [[desalination]] technological abilities and plans to create an indigenous industry. Some cities have introduced extensive [[water conservation]] and recycling programs and technologies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/world/asia/china-takes-loss-to-get-ahead-in-desalination-industry.html?pagewanted=all|title=China Takes Loss to Get Ahead in Desalination Industry|last1=Wines|first1=Michael|date=25 October 2011|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

=== Health sciences ===
==== Biotechnology and genetics ====
{{Main|Biotechnology industry in China}}
[[Monitor Group]] in a 2010 report predicted that China within a decade will become the world leader in discovery and innovation in [[life science]]s. Some research is seen as less controversial in China than elsewhere such as research regarding the genetic causes of intelligence. [[Beijing Genomics Institute|BGI]], formerly Beijing Genomics Institute, has been described as having the world's largest [[DNA sequencing]] facilities.<ref name="auto" />

[[Stem cell]] research and [[stem cell treatments]] are less controversial in Chinese culture which have supported Chinese research as well [[medical tourism]] to China in order to receive experimental and often unproven therapies. In 2012 a regulatory crackdown was instituted which may increase the ability of the Chinese industry to get approval for sales of future therapies to other nations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/15268869|title=Wild_East_Or_Scientific_Feast_|date=16 January 2010|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2012/01/china-halts-new-stem-cell-tria.html|title=Short Sharp Science: China attempts to halt unproven stem cell therapies|work=newscientist.com}}</ref> More generally, China aims and has made progress towards becoming a world leader in [[regenerative medicine]] which also includes areas such as [[tissue engineering]] and [[gene therapy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McMahon|first1=D. S.|last2=Thorsteinsdóttir|first2=H.|last3=Singer|first3=P. A.|last4=Daar|first4=A. S.|year=2010|title=Cultivating regenerative medicine innovation in China|journal=Regenerative Medicine|volume=5|issue=1|pages=35–44|doi=10.2217/rme.09.78|pmid=20055687|s2cid=207353199}}</ref>

China in 2011 stated that [[biotechnology]] (including [[biopharmacy]], [[biological engineering]], bio-agriculture and biomanufacturing) was a major priority for science and technology spending. Biotechnology will be used to enhance economic development as well as for improving [[Chinese environmental protection]], nutrition, healthcare, and medicine. The Chinese governments expects biotechnology to add 1 million jobs during the 2011-2015 period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2011-06/28/content_12790544.htm|title=China placing priority on biotechnology|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref>

==== Neuroscientific research ====
On 22 March 2018, an agreement was signed establishing the Chinese Institute for Brain Science, Beijing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-04122-3|title=Beijing launches pioneering brain-science centre|last1=Cyranoski|first1=David|date=5 April 2018}}</ref> The launch of this institute may represent a significant departure from the current policy focus on applied research and development.<ref name=":2" />

Once completed, the new brain institute will serve as a core facility for the country's planned project to study the human brain. The institute will not be part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Rather, it will collaborate with the academy, along with Beijing's other leading biomedical institutions, including Tsinghua University, Peking University and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences.<ref name=":2" />

The new institute will probably receive funding both from the National Natural Science Foundation and from the megascience programs within the Scientific and Technological Innovation 2030 Project. In March 2018, the government announced plans to place the National Natural Science Foundation under the Ministry of Science and Technology but the implications of this latest reorganization of science are unclear, as the two agencies have different missions in support of basic research.<ref name=":2" />

==== Pharmaceuticals and medical technology ====
[[File:Artemisinin.svg|thumb|The [[malaria]] drug [[artemisinin]] was developed by Chinese scientists from traditional [[Chinese herbology]] which is part of [[traditional Chinese medicine]].]]
{{Further|Pharmaceutical industry in China}}
[[Merrill Lynch]] predicted in 2011 that China would become the world's second largest pharmaceutical market in 2013 and the largest in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.marketwatch.com/2011-01-14/markets/30792439_1_drug-makers-drug-industry-drug-market|title=In China drug industry, reward may outweigh risk - MarketWatch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413232805/http://articles.marketwatch.com/2011-01-14/markets/30792439_1_drug-makers-drug-industry-drug-market|archive-date=2013-04-13|access-date=2012-03-22}}</ref> The chief executive of [[Hoffmann-La Roche]] in 2012 stated a few years ago many Chinese life sciences scientists had to leave China but that many were now returning to conditions often better than in the West regarding laboratories, funding, and political support for the industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pharmatimes.com/article/12-03-06/China_more_positive_about_pharma_than_many_in_west_-_Schwan.aspx|title=China more positive about pharma than many in west - Schwan|work=pharmatimes.com}}</ref> [[Counterfeit drug]]s have caused a number of scandals as well as being a problem for drug development and authorities have increased regulations and enforcement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mooney|first1=P.|year=2010|title=China cracks down on counterfeiters|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=16|issue=4|page=360|doi=10.1038/nm0410-360a|pmid=20376025|s2cid=205377696|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204528204577011500428003264|title=China Police Nab Fake-Drug Ring - WSJ|author=Laurie Burkitt|date=2 November 2011|work=WSJ}}</ref>

A 2011 report by [[PwC]] stated that a decade earlier China barely had any presence in the [[medical technology]] industry but its abilities had been rapidly growing. China could well become more important than Europe by 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/17963427|title=Frugal_Healing|date=22 January 2011|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>

=== Industrial manufacturing ===
Development of advanced [[machine tool]]s, such as [[computer numerical control]] machine tools, are seen as a priority and supported by the Chinese government. China is the world's leading producer and consumer of machine tools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketresearch.com/Freedonia-Group-Inc-v1247/Machine-Tools-China-6501659/|title=Machine Tools in China|website=www.marketresearch.com}}</ref> A 2010 US government report stated that US export controls of advanced five axis machine tools were ineffectual due to the technical capabilities of Chinese and [[Taiwan]]ese manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manufacturingnews.com/news/10/0305/fiveaxis.html|title=U.S. Precision Machine Tool Industry Is No Longer A Global {{as written|Compe|tetitive [sic]}} Force|work=manufacturingnews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313172945/http://www.manufacturingnews.com/news/10/0305/fiveaxis.html|archive-date=13 March 2010}}</ref>

=== Military technology ===

{{See also|Chinese cyberwarfare}}
One example of new Chinese military technology is the [[DF-21D]] [[anti-ship ballistic missile]] which reportedly has contributed to a quick and major change in US naval strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usni.org/forthemedia/ChineseKillWeapon.asp|title=Report: Chinese Develop Special "Kill Weapon" to Destroy U.S. Aircraft Carriers - U.S. Naval Institute|work=usni.org|access-date=March 2, 2012|archive-date=January 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121141828/http://www.usni.org/news-and-features/chinese-kill-weapon}}</ref> China is developing [[anti-satellite weapon]]s and plans to make the navigational [[Beidou system]] global by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/14697-china-space-program-military-threat.html|title=China's Space Advances Worry US Military|work=Space.com|date=February 28, 2012}}</ref> Other new technologies include [[Anti ballistic missile#People's Republic of China|Chinese anti ballistic missile]] developments, the [[Chengdu J-20]] [[fifth-generation jet fighter]], and possibly [[electromagnetic pulse]] weapons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16588557|title=How China is advancing its military reach|work=BBC News | date=18 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jul/21/beijing-develops-radiation-weapons/?page=all|title=Report: China building electromagnetic pulse weapons for use against U.S. carriers|work=The Washington Times}}</ref> Chinese [[reconnaissance satellite]]s are, according to a 2011 report, almost equal to those of the United States in some areas in which China had almost no capability a decade earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cf83817a-abaa-11e0-8a64-00144feabdc0.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210201203/https://www.ft.com/content/cf83817a-abaa-11e0-8a64-00144feabdc0|archive-date=December 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|title=China's 'eye-in-the-sky' nears par with US|work=Financial Times|date=July 11, 2011|access-date=April 13, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite increased defense spending, China's share of the world's import of arms is rapidly falling, in part reflecting the increased abilities of the indigenous military production.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-18/china-buys-fewer-weapons-as-local-industry-expands-sipri-says.html|title=China's Share of Global Arms Imports Falls, Sipri Says|author=Daniel Ten Kate|date=18 March 2012|work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>  China is also developing [[power projection]] military capabilities such as through the [[Chinese aircraft carrier programme|Chinese aircraft carrier program]] and the [[Type 071 amphibious transport dock]].

15-28% of governmental R&D expenditures may go to military research according to some unofficial estimates. The Chinese defense sector remains almost completely state-owned but military equipment production has been reorganized into corporate bodies allowing limited competition and the defense patent system has been reformed to allow greater rewards to innovative enterprises and individuals. The organizational structure has shed civilian applications while at the same time cooperation with the civilian sector has increased and state supported civilian research sometimes have [[dual use]] applications.<ref name="Centra2011" /> Chinese [[jet engine]]s remains a problematic area that has caused concern at the highest levels with China still being largely dependent on imports from foreign manufacturers. One possible explanation is a continued Soviet style fragmentation of the research and production line into many isolated units having little contact with one another causing problems with overall standardization, integration, and quality control. More problems from this may be duplication of efforts, dispersal of efforts, and unproductive competition over patronage causing problems such as dishonest reporting of problems. High precision jet engines may be particularly sensitive to accumulated quality problems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/05/14/is-china-about-to-get-its-military-jet-engine-program-off-the-ground/?mod=google_news_blog|title=Is China About to Get Its Military Jet Engine Program Off the Ground?|work=WSJ | date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

==== History of China's hydrogen bomb ====
China became a nuclear power in the 1960s.<ref name=":152" />{{Rp|page=356}} China successfully tested a [[hydrogen bomb]] on June 17, 1967, at Lop Nur Nuclear Weapon Test Base, in Malan, Xinjiang (also known as "Test No. 6"). China became the fourth country to have successfully developed a [[thermonuclear weapon]] after the [[United States]], [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The device was dropped from a [[Xian H-6|Hong-6]] (Chinese manufactured [[Tu-16]]) and was parachute-retarded for an airburst at 2960 meters. The bomb was a three-stage device with a boosted [[Uranium-235|U-235]] primary and [[Uranium-238|U-238]] pusher. The [[Nuclear weapon yield|yield]] was 3.3 [[TNT equivalent|megatons]].

It was a fully functional, full-scale, three-stage [[hydrogen bomb]], tested 32 months after China had made its first fission device. China thus produced the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history. China had received extensive technical help from the Soviet Union to jump-start their nuclear program, but by 1960, the rift between the Soviet Union and China had become so great that the Soviet Union ceased all assistance to China.<sup>[[Test No. 6|[1]]]</sup> Thus, the Number 6 test was indeed an independent endeavor, after the induced military and economic sanctions enacted by the superpowers at the time, the United States and the Soviet Union.

China's H-bomb was different from the traditional [[History of the Teller–Ulam design|Teller-Ulam configuration]]. As an advantage, it was completed without the calculations needed from supercomputers, which would consume a lot of time. To shrink the size of the weapon, the reflectors were made parabolic with the solid fusion fuel located at the foci. It is also known as Yu Min Design (or Yu-[[Deng Jiaxian|Deng]] Design) as Yu Min made major contributions including the solutions to a series of fundamental and critical theoretical problems of nuclear weapons, which led to breakthrough of the unique hydrogen bomb.

The goal of China was to produce a thermonuclear device of at least a megaton in yield that could be dropped by an aircraft or carried by a ballistic missile. Several explosions to test thermonuclear weapon designs, characteristics and yield boosting preceded the thermonuclear test.<sup>[[Test No. 6|[1]]]</sup>

=== Mining and rare earth industry ===
[[File:Coal mine in Inner Mongolia 002.jpg|thumb|right|[[Coal in China|Coal mining]] in [[Inner Mongolia]].]]
{{See also|Rare earth element#Global rare earth production|Rare earth industry in China|Mining industry of China}}

Advisory firm The Beijing Axis director Lilian Luca in 2010 stated that China was becoming a world leader in [[mining engineering|mining technology]]. Technological solutions were initially concentrated on achieving massive low-cost production but increasing emphasis has been placed on environmental and safety issues in part reflecting greater [[Environmental issues in China|concern in China with environmental issues]]. China was already a world leader in certain areas such as [[rare earth element]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowledge.insead.edu/economy-China-mining-100608.cfm|title=Economy; China mining|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719143620/http://knowledge.insead.edu/economy-China-mining-100608.cfm|archive-date=2010-07-19|access-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> China has imposed export quotas on rare earth elements, 95% of which are mined in China, citing environmental issues, but has been accused of wanting to force high tech industry using rare earth elements to move to China.

Finding rare earth elements is only the first and some argue the easiest step. Other steps towards manufacturing such as [[refining]] is controlled by China and Japan with the previously dominant United States having lost all of its producers and much of its fundamental technological ability with the number of scientists and engineers in the area declining dramatically.<ref>Lou Kilzer, http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_790579.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413033534/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_790579.html |date=April 13, 2012 }}</ref>

=== Polar research ===
The [[Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration]] (CAA) organizes China's scientific program for both the [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]]. Polar research by China, in particular in [[Antarctica]], has been growing rapidly. China now has three Antarctic research stations and one in the [[Arctic]] on the Norwegian island of [[Svalbard]].<ref>John Garnaut, [http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/science/china-has-antarctica-in-its-sights-20100903-14uc1.html China has Antarctica in its sights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430021513/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/science/china-has-antarctica-in-its-sights-20100903-14uc1.html |date=April 30, 2012 }}, September 4, [[Brisbane Times]], 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinare.gov.cn/en/|title=Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration(CAA)|website=www.chinare.gov.cn}}</ref>

=== Space science ===
[[File:长征五号遥二火箭转场.jpg|thumb|[[Long March 5]] heavy-lifted rocket, China's most powerful launch vehicle.]]
{{Main|Chinese space program}}
The [[Chinese space program]] is a major source of national pride.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8872196/Chinas-huge-leap-forward-into-space-threatens-US-ascendancy-over-heavens.html|title=China's huge leap forward into space threatens US ascendancy over heavens|author=David Eimer in Beijing|date=5 November 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk|location=London}}</ref> In 1970 the first Chinese satellite, [[Dong Fang Hong I]], was launched.  In 2003 China become the third country to independently send humans into space with Yang Liwei's spaceflight aboard [[Shenzhou 5]]. In 2008 China conducted a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]] with the [[Shenzhou 7]] mission. In 2011 [[Tiangong-1]] was launched which was the first step towards a [[Chinese space station]] around 2020. The active [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]] includes a [[Chang'e 3|lunar rover in 2013]] and possibly a crewed [[lunar landing]] in the 2020s. Experience gained from the lunar program will be used for future programs such as [[exploration of Mars]] and [[Venus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=14043200#.T3pzd6vmN3k|title=Technology and Science News - ABC News|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/20/china-could-make-moon-landing-by-2025|title=China could make moon landing in 2025|author=Tania Branigan|date=20 September 2010|work=the Guardian|location=London}}</ref>

China plans to launch 5 commercial satellites for foreign customers in 2012 and aims to capture 15% of the commercial launch market and 10% of the satellite export market by 2015. In 2011 China launched a total of 19 rockets, which was the second most after Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/video/2012-04/01/content_25045687.htm|title=China's growing space industry to become leading force|author=颜筱箐|work=china.org.cn}}</ref>

The [[Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope]], completed in 2016, is the world's largest [[radio telescope]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028165-300-china-starts-building-worlds-biggest-radio-telescope/|title=China starts building world's biggest radio telescope|first1=Anil|last1=Ananthaswamy|website=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/33357-china-largest-radio-telescope-alien-life.html|title=China Finishes Building World's Largest Radio Telescope|author=Mike Wall|date=July 6, 2016|publisher=Space.com|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref>

=== Textiles ===
China in 2012 produced more than one-third of the developed world's apparel import but the share has been decreasing in recent years as low-technology and labor-intensive production has been moving to regions like Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/smementor/mentorade/starting-up/chinas-textile-industrycrisis-686377.html|title=China's textile industry in crisis|work=moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/where-madeinchina-textiles-are-emigrating-01122012.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115031057/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/where-madeinchina-textiles-are-emigrating-01122012.html|archive-date=January 15, 2012|title=Where Made-in-China Textiles Are Emigrating|author=Dexter Roberts|work=Businessweek.com|date=January 12, 2012}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
{{See also|Transport in China}}
Transportation infrastructure continues to be rapidly developed. The [[National Trunk Highway System]] was in 2011 estimated to surpass the [[Interstate Highway System|US interstate system]] in length.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newgeography.com/content/002003-china-expressway-system-exceed-us-interstates|title=China Expressway System to Exceed US Interstates, newgeography.com, Feb 10, 2011|date=2011-01-22|publisher=newgeography.com|access-date=2012-06-25}}</ref> Many Chinese cities have or are planning to build [[Rapid transit in the People's Republic of China|metros or other forms of rapid transit]].

==== Commercial aircraft ====
The state owned [[Comac]] [[aerospace manufacturer]] aims to reduce Chinese dependency on foreign companies for large passenger aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7394596.stm|title=Chinese plane business gets wings|author=Staff writers|date=11 May 2008|work=BBC News|access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> The future [[C919]] aims to be completely made in China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/china/2010/05/17/chinas-aviation-industry-takes-flight/|title=China's Aviation Industry Takes Flight|author=China Tracker|work=Forbes}}</ref>

==== Motor vehicles ====
The [[automotive industry in China]] is the world's largest producer of [[motor vehicle]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/|title=OICA 2011 statistic|publisher=[[OICA]]|access-date=2012-06-25}}</ref> However, China's indigenous car companies have had difficulties on the global market and the growing [[electric vehicle]] market has been seen as way to remedy this. China in 2010 proposed controversial legislation requiring foreign electric vehicle producers to form minority [[joint-venture]]s and share technologies with Chinese carmakers in order to get market access.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704394704575495480368918268|title=Auto Makers Join Criticism of Chinese Policy Makers - WSJ|author=Norihiko Shirouzu|date=16 September 2010|work=WSJ}}</ref> A 2011 report financed by the [[World Bank]] stated that China was becoming the world leader on electric vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/13139673|title=China leading electric vehicle race, study says|date=21 April 2011|work=BBC News}}</ref>

==== Shipbuilding ====
In 2009-2010 China became the world's largest [[shipbuilder]], however [[South Korea]] regained the top position in 2011 due to more advanced technology. China is developing its technological abilities and competition is expected to increase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2012/01/123_102558.html|title=Korea overtakes China as world's top shipbuilder in 2011|date=10 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-09-29/korea-shipyards-lng-skill-beats-china-dry-bulk-focus-freight|title=Korea Shipyards' LNG Skill Beats China Bulk Focus: Freight|last1=Park|first1=Kyunghee|date=September 30, 2011 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>

==== Trains ====
[[File:CR400BF-C-5162@SPK (20201123164927).jpg|thumb|A Changchun-built [[Fuxing (train)|CR400BF-C]] intelligent EMU in 2020]]
The BBC wrote in a 2011 article on [[high-speed rail in China]] that China in 2005 had no [[high-speed railways]]. In 2010 it had more than Europe and in 2012 China was expected to have more than the rest of the world combined. China demanded that foreign companies wanting to participate had to share their technology. Some 10,000 Chinese engineers and academics then in three years produced a faster Chinese high-speed train that China is now exporting to other nations.<ref name="BBC2011" />