Editing Arabization (section)

==De-Arabization==
In the modern era, de-Arabization can refer to government policies which aim to reverse Arabization, such as the reversal of the Arabization of [[Kurds]] in northern Iraq and [[Mizrahi Jews]] in [[Israel]].<ref name="Mneimneh">{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/arabs-kurds-and-amazigh-quest-nationalist-fulfillment-old-and-new|title=Arabs, Kurds, and Amazigh: The Quest for Nationalist Fulfillment, Old and New|date=June 2017|author=Hassan Mneimneh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_utDwAAQBAJ&dq=de-arabization%20iraq&pg=PT390|title=Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Iraq|author=Ahmed S. Hashim|date=2011|pages=362|publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9780801459986 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C16NN1Q0W7gC&dq=de-arabization%20iraq&pg=PA16|title=Lessons of the Iraqi De-Ba'athification Program for Iraq's Future and the Arab Revolutions|author= W. Andrew Terrill|date=2010|pages=16|publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College |isbn=9781584875277 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYw9DwAAQBAJ&dq=re-arabization&pg=PA130|title=Israeli Sociology: Text in Context|author=Uri Ram|date=2017|page=130|publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319593272 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VP6ARP2m-D0C&dq=re-arabization&pg=PA110|title=Debating Orientalism|author=Anna Bernard|date=2013|pages=110|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137341112 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68MoEAAAQBAJ&dq=dearabization%20iraq&pg=PT16|title=Israeli Theatre: Mizrahi Jews and Self-Representation|author=Naphtaly Shem-Tov|date=2021|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351009065 }}</ref>

===Historic reversions of Arabization===
====Norman conquest of southern Italy (999-1139)====
The [[Muslim conquest of Sicily]] lasted from 827 until 902 when the [[Emirate of Sicily]] was established. It was marked by an [[Arab–Byzantine culture]].<ref name="Brown 2015"/> Sicily in turn was then subjected to the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy]] from 999 to 1139.<ref name="Matthew 2012">{{cite book |last=Matthew |first=Donald |year=2012 |orig-year=1992 |chapter=Part I: The Normans and the monarchy – Southern Italy and the Normans before the creation of the monarchy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQfub3l_ejkC&pg=PA9 |title=The Norman Kingdom of Sicily |location=[[Cambridge]] and [[New York City]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |series=Cambridge Medieval Textbooks |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139167741.004 |isbn=9781139167741}}</ref><ref name="Deanesly 2019">{{cite book |last=Deanesly |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Deanesly |year=2019 |title=A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911 |chapter=The Later Merovingians |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20ufDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT244 |location=[[London]] and [[New York City]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |series=Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World |pages=244–245 |isbn=9780367184582}}</ref> The Arab identity of Sicily came to an end latest by the mid-13th century.<ref name="Brown 2015">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Gordon S. |year=2015 |orig-year=2003 |title=The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily |chapter=Sicily |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fbdYk0-gisC&pg=PA103 |location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]] |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |pages=103–113 |isbn=978-0-7864-5127-2 |lccn=2002153822}}</ref>

====Reconquista (1212-1492)====
The ''[[Reconquista]]'' in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] is the most notable example of a historic reversion of Arabization. The process of Arabization and Islamization was reversed as the mostly Christian kingdoms in the north of the peninsula conquered [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] in 1085 and [[Province of Córdoba (Spain)|Cordoba]] in 1236.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quatr.us/medieval/reconquista-medieval-spain.htm|title=The Reconquista - Medieval Spain|last=Carr|first=Karen|date=2017-08-03|website=Quatr.us Study Guides|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> [[Emirate of Granada|Granada]], the last remaining emirate on the peninsula, was conquered in January 1492.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spanishwars.net/15th-century-conquest-of-granada.html|title=The Conquest of Granada|website=www.spanishwars.net|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> The re-conquered territories were [[Hispanicization|Hispanicized]] and [[Christianization|Christianized]], although the culture, languages and religious traditions imposed differed from those of the previous [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic kingdom]].

===Reversions in modern times===
[[File:Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg|thumb|The multilingual flag of [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] expresses the [[Polyethnicity|polyethnic]] agenda of the faction in the [[Syrian Civil War]] as opposed to Arabization policies.]]

In modern times, there have been various political developments to reverse the process of Arabization. Notable among these are:
* The 1948 establishment of the [[State of Israel]] as a Jewish polity, [[Hebraization of Palestinian place names]], use of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as an official language (with [[Arabic language in Israel|Arabic remaining co-official]]) and the de-Arabization of the Arabic-speaking [[Sephardim]] and [[Mizrahi Jews]] who arrived in Israel from the Arab world.<ref name="Shenhav2006">{{cite book|author=Yehouda A. Shenhav|title=The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7FoMi-qY4kC&pg=PA140|year=2006|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5296-1|page=140}}</ref><ref name="NijimMuammar1984">{{cite book|author1=Basheer K. Nijim |author-link=:ar:بشير نجم |author2=Bishara Muammar|title=Toward the De-Arabization of Palestine/Israel, 1945-1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfQNAQAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8403-3299-8|page=159}}</ref>
* The 1992 establishment of a Kurdish-dominated polity in [[Mesopotamia]] as [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].
* The 2012 establishment of a multi-ethnic [[Democratic Federation of Northern Syria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/11/syria-kurdistan-self-governance-teach-kurdish-language.html|title=After 52-year ban, Syrian Kurds now taught Kurdish in schools|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=6 November 2015|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref>
* [[Berberism]], a [[Berber people|Berber]] political-cultural movement of ethnic, geographic, or cultural [[nationalism]] present in [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]] and broader North Africa including [[Mali]]. The Berberist movement is in opposition to cultural Arabization and the [[pan-Arabist]] political ideology, and is also associated with [[secularism]].
* [[South Sudan]]'s secession from Arab-led [[Sudan]] in 2011 after a bloody civil war decreased Sudan's territory by almost half. Sudan is a member of the Arab League while South Sudan did not enter membership. Arabic also is not an official language of South Sudan. 
*Arabization of Malays was criticized by Sultan [[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2016 |title=Stop aping Arabs, Johor Sultan tells Malays |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/stop-aping-arabs-johor-sultan-tells-malays |newspaper=Malay Mail Online |location=KUALA LUMPUR }}</ref> He urged the retention of Malay culture instead of introducing Arab culture.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2016<!--, 10:12 am SGT--> |title=Stop trying to be like Arabs, Johor ruler tells Malays |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/stop-trying-to-be-like-arabs-johor-ruler-tells-malays |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=JOHOR BARU  }}</ref> He called on people to not mind unveiled women or mixed sex handshaking, and urged against using Arabic words in place of Malay words.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2016 |title=Johor Sultan Says Be Malay Not Arab |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/society/malaysia-sultan-to-subjects-be-malay-not-arab/ |newspaper=Asia Sentinel }}</ref> He suggested Saudi Arabia as a destination for those who wanted Arab culture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zainuddin |first=Abdul Mursyid |date=24 March 2016 |title=Berhenti Cuba Jadi 'Seperti Arab' – Sultan Johor |url=http://www.suara.tv/2016/03/24/berhenti-cuba-jadi-seperti-arab-sultan-johor/ |newspaper=Suara TV |location=JOHOR BAHRU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926041425/http://www.suara.tv/2016/03/24/berhenti-cuba-jadi-seperti-arab-sultan-johor/ |archive-date=26 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2016 |title=Sultan Johor Ajak Malaysia Jaga Tradisi Melayu, Bukan Arab |url=https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2016/03/24/118756567/sultan-johor-ajak-malaysia-jaga-tradisi-melayu-bukan-arab |newspaper=TEMPO.CO |location=TEMPO.CO , Kuala Lumpu }}</ref> He said that he was going to adhere to Malay culture himself.<ref>{{cite news |last=wong |first=chun wai |date=24 March 2016 |title= Stop trying to be like Arabs, Ruler advises Malays  |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/03/24/stop-trying-to-be-like-arabs-ruler-advises-malays/ |newspaper=The Star Online |location=JOHOR BARU }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2016 |title=Stop aping Arabs, Johor Sultan tells Malays |url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/stop-aping-arabs-johor-sultan-tells-malays |newspaper=TODAYonline |location=KUALA LUMPUR }}</ref> [[Abdul Aziz Bari]] said that Islam and Arab culture are intertwined and criticized the Johor Sultan for what he said.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2016 |title=Arab culture integral to Islam, Johor sultan advised|url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/335069 |newspaper=malaysiakini }}</ref> Datuk Haris Kasim, who leads the Selangor Islamic Religious Department, also criticized the Sultan for his remarks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Irsyad  |first=Arief |date= 7 April 2016  |title=Is "Arabisation" A Threat To The Malay Identity As Claimed By The Johor Sultan? Here's What Some Malays Have To Say |url=http://malaysiandigest.com/features/604507-is-arabisation-a-threat-to-the-malay-identity-as-claimed-by-the-johor-sultan-here-s-what-some-malays-have-to-say.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416185446/http://malaysiandigest.com/features/604507-is-arabisation-a-threat-to-the-malay-identity-as-claimed-by-the-johor-sultan-here-s-what-some-malays-have-to-say.html |archive-date=16 April 2016 |newspaper=Malaysian Digest }}</ref>
* The Chinese government launched a campaign in 2018 to remove Arab-style domes and minarets from mosques in a campaign called "de-Arabization" and "de-[[Saudization]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-20 |title=China's new campaign to make Muslims devoted to the state rather than Islam |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-11-20/china-muslim-minorities-hui-dongxiang-secularization-gansu |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Immigration and Refugee Board of |date=2022-10-14 |title=China: Situation of Hui Muslims and their treatment by society and authorities; state protection (2020–September 2022) [CHN201172.E] |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2081234.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website= |language=en}}</ref>