Editing Cervical cap (section)

===20th century===
Many designs were developed in the later 19th and early 20th century in various countries.{{sfn|Stopes|1924|p= 156}}  The Vimule cap became available as early as 1927.  A book by Vimule and Co., published in 1898, advertises the Vimule Cap.<ref>{{cite web |title=the Vimule permanent sheath, as purveyed by Lamberts of London, 1927 |work=Condom pictures |url=http://www.lesleyahall.net/condillo.htm |access-date=2006-11-12 |archive-date=2006-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112220926/http://www.lesleyahall.net/condillo.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Prentif brand cap was introduced in the early 1930s.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Cervical Cap Newsletter |publisher=Internet Archive |date=Winter 2002 |url=http://www.cervcap.com/download/news_winter_02.pdf  |access-date=2007-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040225153945/http://www.cervcap.com/download/news_winter_02.pdf |archive-date=2004-02-25 |journal=CXC |volume=15 |url-status=usurped |issue=1}}</ref>  The Dumas cap was initially made of plastic, and was available by the 1940s.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12233290 |year=1944 |last1=Grafenberg |first1=E |last2=Dickinson |first2=RL |title=Conception control by plastic cervix cap |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=335–40 |journal=Western Journal of Surgery, Obstetrics, and Gynecology}}</ref> Lamberts (Dalston) Ltd. of the UK manufactured these three cap types.<ref>{{cite web |title=96/281/2 Contraceptive cervical cap, "Vimule" cap |work=Powerhouse Museum Collection |year=1995 |url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=152305&images=&c=&s= |access-date=2006-11-12 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204600/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=152305&images=&c=&s= |url-status=live }}</ref> Other types of caps had stems to hold them in place in the cervix; some of the stems actually extended into the uterus.  These [[stem pessary|stem pessaries]] became precursors to the modern [[intrauterine device]] (IUD).

[[Margaret Sanger]] brought cervical caps to the U.S. in the 1910s, but later on seemingly preferred the [[diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragm]], and never repudiated the cap.  This may have been influenced by her visit to the Netherlands where the diaphragm (also known as the "Dutch Cap") reigned supreme.

Use of all barrier methods, but especially cervical barriers, dropped dramatically after the 1960s introduction of the [[combined oral contraceptive pill]] and the IUD. In 1976, the [[U.S. government]] enacted the [[Medical Device Regulation Act]]. This law required all manufacturers of [[medical device]]s to provide the United States [[Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]] with data on the safety and efficacy of those devices. Lamberts (Dalston) Ltd., the only manufacturer at that time, failed to provide this information, and the FDA banned the use of cervical caps in the United States.<ref name="weiss" />

In the late 1970s, the FDA reclassified the cervical cap as an [[Investigational device exemption|investigational device]], and it regained limited availability.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7018094 |year=1980 |last1=Fairbanks |first1=B |last2=Scharfman |first2=B |title=The cervical cap: Past and current experience |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=61–80 |journal=Women & Health |doi=10.1300/j013v05n03_06}}</ref> Within a few years, the FDA withdrew investigational status from the Vimule cap, following a study that associated its use with vaginal [[laceration]]s.<ref name="weiss" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(82)90143-3 |title=Studies of cervical caps: I. Vaginal lesions associated with use of the vimule cap |year=1982 |last1=Bernstein |first1=Gerald S. |last2=Kilzer |first2=Linda H. |last3=Coulson |first3=Anne H. |last4=Nakamura |first4=Robert M. |last5=Smith |first5=Grace C. |last6=Bernstein |first6=Ruth |last7=Frezieres |first7=Ron |last8=Clark |first8=Virginia A. |last9=Coan |first9=Carl |journal=Contraception |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=443–56 |pmid=7160179}}</ref> In 1988, the then 60-year-old <ref>Chalker2, p.170</ref> Prentif cap gained FDA approval.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12289360 |year=1988 |author1=United States. Food and Drug Administration FDA |title=Notice, 11 July 1988 |volume=15 |pages=19 |journal=Annual Review of Population Law}}</ref>  The [[feminist movement]] played a large role in re-introducing the cervical cap to the United States. One paper called its involvement at all steps of the FDA approval process "unprecedented".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1300/J013v15n02_07 |title=Feminism and Regulation Collide |year=1989 |last1=Gallagher |first1=Dana |last2=Richwald |first2=Gary |journal=Women & Health |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=87–97|pmid=2781812 }}</ref>  This renewed interest in the cervical cap has been called "The cervical cap renaissance".<ref>Chalker1, p.281</ref>