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Cherokee language
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==== Notes ==== # In the chart, 'v' represents a [[nasal vowel]], {{IPA|/ə̃/}}. # The character Ꮩ ''do'' is shown upside-down in some fonts.{{Refn | group="lower-alpha" | There was a difference between the old-form DO (Λ-like) and a new-form DO (V-like). The standard Digohweli font displays the new-form. Old Do Digohweli and Code2000 fonts both display the old-form.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.languagegeek.com/font/fontdownload.html#Cherokee |website=LanguageGeek | title=LanguageGeek Fonts: Cherokee}}</ref>}} The transliteration working from the syllabary uses conventional consonants like ''qu'' and ''ts'', and may differ from the ones used in the phonological orthographies (first column in the below chart, in the d/t system). {| class="wikitable" summary="Cherokee" |- ! Ø | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭰ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| a | colspan="4" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭱ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| e | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭲ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| i | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭳ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| o | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭴ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| u | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭵ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| v |- ! g / k | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭶ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| ga | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭷ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| ka | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭸ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| ge | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭹ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| gi | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭺ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| go | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭻ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| gu | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭼ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| gv |- ! h | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭽ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| ha | colspan="4" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭾ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| he | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꭿ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| hi | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮀ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| ho | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮁ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| hu | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮂ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| hv |- ! l / hl | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮃ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| la | colspan="4" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮄ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| le | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮅ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| li | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮆ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| lo | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮇ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| lu | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮈ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| lv |- ! m | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮉ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| ma | colspan="4" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮊ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| me | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮋ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| mi | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮌ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| mo | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮍ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| mu | colspan="2" | |- ! n / hn | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮎ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| na | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮏ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| hna | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮐ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| nah | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮑ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| ne | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮒ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| ni | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮓ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| no | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮔ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| nu | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮕ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| nv |- ! gw / kw | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮖ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| qua | colspan="4" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮗ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| que | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮘ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| qui | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮙ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| quo | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮚ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| quu | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮛ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| quv |- ! s | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮝ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| s | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮜ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| sa | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮞ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| se | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮟ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| si | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮠ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| so | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮡ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| su | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮢ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| sv |- ! d / t | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮣ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| da | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮤ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| ta | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮥ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| de | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮦ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| te | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮧ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| di | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮨ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| ti | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮩ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| do | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮪ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| du | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮫ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| dv |- ! dl / tl (hl) | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮬ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| dla | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮭ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| tla | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮮ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| tle | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮯ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| tli | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮰ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| tlo | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮱ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| tlu | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮲ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| tlv |- ! j / c <br/> (dz / ts) | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮳ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| tsa | colspan="4" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮴ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| tse | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮵ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| tsi | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮶ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| tso | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮷ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| tsu | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮸ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| tsv |- ! w / hw | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮹ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| wa | colspan="4" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮺ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| we | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮻ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| wi | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮼ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| wo | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮽ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| wu | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮾ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| wv |- ! y / hy | style="font-size:large;" | Ꮿ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| ya | colspan="4" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ᏸ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| ye | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ᏹ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;"| yi | colspan="2" | | style="font-size:large;" | Ᏺ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| yo | style="font-size:large;" | Ᏻ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| yu | style="font-size:large;" | Ᏼ || style="border-left:#aaa hidden;"| yv |} The phonetic values of these characters do not equate directly to those represented by the letters of the Latin script. Some characters represent two distinct phonetic values (actually heard as different syllables), while others often represent different forms of the same syllable.{{Sfn | Walker | Sarbaugh | 1993}}{{Rp | needed=yes|date=December 2012}} Not all [[phoneme|phonemic]] distinctions of the spoken language are represented: * Aspirated consonants are generally not distinguished from their plain counterpart. For example, while {{IPA|/d/}} + vowel syllables are mostly differentiated from {{IPA|/t/}} + vowel by use of different [[glyph]]s, syllables beginning with {{IPA|/ɡw/}} are all conflated with those beginning with {{IPA|/kw/}}. * Long vowels are not distinguished from short vowels. However, in more recent technical literature, length of vowels can actually be indicated using a colon, and other disambiguation methods for consonants (somewhat like the Japanese [[dakuten]]) have been suggested. * Tones are not marked. * Syllables ending in vowels, ''h,'' or glottal stop are undifferentiated. For example, the single symbol Ꮡ is used to represent both ''suú'' as in {{lang|chr-Latn|suúdáli}}, meaning 'six' ({{lang|chr|ᏑᏓᎵ}}), and ''súh'' as in {{lang|chr-Latn|súhdi}}, meaning 'fishhook' ({{lang|chr|ᏑᏗ}}). * There is no regular rule for representing [[consonant clusters]]. When consonants other than ''s, h,'' or glottal stop arise in clusters with other consonants, a vowel must be inserted, chosen either arbitrarily or for etymological reasons (reflecting an underlying etymological vowel, see [[#Vowel deletion|vowel deletion]] for instance). For example, {{lang|chr|ᏧᎾᏍᏗ}} ({{transliteration|chr|tsu-na-s-di}}) represents the word {{lang|chr-Latn|juunsdi̋}}, meaning 'small (pl.), babies'. The consonant cluster ''ns'' is broken down by insertion of the vowel ''a'', and is spelled as {{lang|chr|ᎾᏍ}} {{IPA|/nas/}}. The vowel is etymological as {{lang|chr-Latn|juunsdi̋}} is composed of the morphemes {{lang|chr-Latn|di-uunii-'''a'''sdii̋ʔi}} ({{gcl|DIST-3B.pl-small}}), where ''a'' is part of the root. The vowel is included in the transliteration, but is not pronounced. As with some other [[underspecified]] writing systems, such as [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], adult speakers can distinguish words by context.
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