Editing Choctaw language (section)

=====Agreement affixes=====
The agreement affixes are shown in the following chart. The only suffix among the personal agreement markers is the first-person singular class I agreement marker /-li/. Third-person is completely unmarked for class I and class II agreement arguments and never indicates number.<ref>Broadwell (2006:137-140)</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="border: none; text-align: center;" 
|+
|- 
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="border: none; background: none;" | person markers 
! colspan="3" | class I  
! colspan="2" |class II  
! colspan="2" |class III  
! colspan="2" |class N 
! colspan="2" | imperative 
|- 
! <small>+s</small> || <small>+C</small> || <small>+V</small> !! <small>+C/i</small> || <small>+a/o</small> !! <small>+C</small> || <small>+V</small> !! <small>+C</small> || <small>+V</small> || <small>+C</small> || <small>+V</small> 
|- 
! rowspan="4" | first-person 
! rowspan="2" | singular  
! initial 
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | -li 
| rowspan="2" align="center" | sa- 
| rowspan="2" align="center" | si- 
| align="center" | a̱- 
| align="center" | am- 
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" | ak- 
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="border: none; text-align: center;" | n/a 
|- 
! medial 
| align="center" | -sa̱- || align="center" | -sam- 
|- 
! colspan="2" | [[paucal]] 
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" | ii- 
| rowspan="2" align="center" | il- 
| colspan="2" align="center" | pi- 
| align="center" | pi̱- 
| align="center" | pim- 
| rowspan="2" align="center" | kii- 
| rowspan="2" align="center" | kil- 
|- 
! colspan="2" | plural 
| colspan="2" align="center" | hapi- 
| align="center" | hapi̱- 
| align="center" | hapim- 
|- 
! rowspan="2" | second-person  
! colspan="2" | singular 
| align="center" | is- 
| colspan="2" align="center" | ish- 
| colspan="2" align="center" | chi- 
| align="center" | chi̱- 
| align="center" | chim- 
| colspan="2" align="center" | chik- 
| colspan="2" align="center" | ∅ 
|- 
! colspan="2" style="border: none;" | plural 
| align="center" | has- 
| colspan="2" align="center" |hash- 
| colspan="2" align="center" |hachi- 
| hachi- |hachi̱- 
| hachim- 
| colspan="2" align="center" | hachik- 
| align="center" | ho- || align="center" | oh- 
|- 
! colspan="3" | third-person 
| colspan="3" align="center" |∅ 
| colspan="2" align="center" |∅ 
| align="center" | i̱- 
| align="center" | im- 
| colspan="2" align="center" | ik- 
| colspan="2" align="center" style="border: none;" |
|}

Some authors (Ulrich 1986, Davies, 1986) refer to class I as actor or nominative, class II as patient or accusative and class III as dative. Broadwell prefers the neutral numbered labels because the actual use of the affixes is more complex. This type of morphology is generally referred to as [[active–stative]] and [[polypersonal agreement]].

Class I affixes always indicate the subject of the verb. Class II prefixes usually indicate direct object of active verbs and the subject of stative verbs. Class III prefixes indicate the indirect object of active verbs. A small set of stative psychological verbs have class III subjects; an even smaller set of stative verbs dealing primarily with affect, communication and intimacy have class III direct objects.

======Active verbs======
As the chart above shows, there is no person-number agreement for third person arguments. Consider the following paradigms:

{| class="wikitable" style="border: none; text-align: center;" 
|+ hablitok ("kicked", past tense)
|- 
| style="background: none; border: none;" colspan="2" rowspan="2" {{diagonal split header|<sub>'''SUBJECT'''</sub>|<sup>'''DIRECT OBJECT'''</sup>}}  
! colspan="3" | first-person  
! colspan="2" | second-person 
! rowspan="2" | third-person 
|- 
! singular !! [[paucal]] !! plural !! singular !! plural 
|- 
! rowspan="2" | first-person 
! singular 
| ''ili-habli-li-tok''{{ref|v1|1}} <br> 'I kicked myself'
| ''pi-habli-li-tok'' <br> 'I kicked us (few)'
| ''hapi-habli-li-tok'' <br> 'I kicked us (all)'
| ''chi-habli-li-tok'' <br> 'I kicked you'
| ''hachi-habli-li-tok'' <br> 'I kicked you (pl.)'
| ''habli-li-tok'' <br> 'I kicked her/him/it/them'
|- 
! plural 
| ''ii-sa-habli-tok'' <br> 'we kicked me' 
| colspan="2" | ''il-ili-habli-tok''{{ref|v1|1}} <br> 'we kicked ourselves'
| ''ii-chi-habli-tok'' <br> 'we kicked you'
| ''ii-hachi-habli-tok'' <br> 'we kicked you (pl.)'
| ''ii-habli-tok'' <br> 'we kicked her/him/it/them'
|- 
! rowspan="2" | second-person 
! singular 
| ''is-sa-habli-tok'' <br> 'you kicked me'
| ''ish-pi-habli-tok'' <br> 'you kicked us (few)'
| ''ish-hapi-habli-tok'' <br> 'you kicked us (all)' 
| ''ish-ili-habli-tok''{{ref|v1|1}} <br> 'you kicked yourself'
| ''ish-hachi-habli-tok'' <br> 'ýou kicked you (pl.)'
| ''ish-habli-tok'' <br> 'you kicked her/him/it/them'
|- 
! plural 
| ''has-sa-habli-tok'' <br> 'you (pl.) kicked me'
| ''hash-pi-habli-tok'' <br> 'you (pl.) kicked us (few)'
| ''hash-hapi-habli-tok'' <br> 'you (pl.) kicked us (all)'
| ''hash-chi-habli-tok'' <br> 'you (pl.) kicked you'
| ''hash-ili-habli-tok''{{ref|v1|1}} <br> 'you (pl.) kicked yourselves'
| ''hash-habli-tok'' <br> 'you (pl.) kicked her/him/it/them'
|- 
! colspan="2" | third-person 
| ''sa-habli-tok'' <br> 'she/he/it/they kicked me'
| ''pi-habli-tok'' <br> 'she/etc. kicked us (few)'
| ''hapi-habli-tok'' <br> 'she/etc. kicked us (all)'
| ''chi-habli-tok'' <br> 'she/etc. kicked you'
| ''hachi-habli-tok'' <br> 'she/etc. kicked you (pl.)'
| ''habli-tok'' <br> "she/etc. kicked her/him/it/them" <br> ''ili-habli-tok''{{ref|v1|1}} <br> 'she/etc. kicked herself/etc.'
|- 
|} 
# {{note|v1}} When the subject and object refer to the same thing or person ([[coreference]]), the reflexive ''ili-'' prefix is mandatory and used in place of the coreferent object.

Transitive active verbs seemingly with class III direct objects:

* ''Am-anoli-tok'' 'She/he/it/they told me.'
* ''Chim-anoli-tok'' 'She/he/it/they told you.'
* ''Im-anoli-tok'' 'She/he/it/they told him/her/it/them.'
* ''Pim-anoli-tok'' 'She/he/it/they told us.'
* ''Hachim-anoli-tok'' 'She/he/it/they told y'all.'

When a [[transitive verb]] occurs with more than one agreement prefix, I prefixes precede II and III prefixes:

{{interlinear
| lang = cho
| indent = 2
| top = {{lang|cho|Iichipi̱satok.}}|Ii- chi- pi̱sa -tok|1P.I- 2S.II- see{{angbr|{{gcl|NGR|n-grade}}}} -PT|'We saw you.'
}}

{{interlinear
| lang = cho
| indent = 2
| top = {{lang|cho|Ishpimanoolitok.}}|Ish- pim- anooli -tok.|2S.I- 1P.III- tell -PT|'You told us.'
}}

For intransitive verbs, the subjects of active verbs typically have class I agreement. Because third-person objects are unmarked, intransitive active verbs are indistinguishable in form from transitive active verbs with a third-person direct object.

======Stative verbs======
[[Image:Cyrus Byington.png|200px|right|thumb|Rev. [[Cyrus Byington]] worked nearly 50 years translating the [[Bible]] into Choctaw. He traveled with the [[Choctaw people|Choctaws]] from Mississippi to [[Indian Territory]] after their [[Choctaw Trail of Tears|forced relocation]].]]
The subjects of stative verbs typically have II agreement. A small set of psychological verbs have subjects with class III agreement.<ref>Broadwell (2006:140-142)</ref>

{{interlinear
| lang = cho
| indent = 2
| top = {{lang|cho|Baliililitok.}}|Baliili -li -tok|run -1S.I -PT|'I ran.'
}}

{{interlinear
| lang = cho
| indent = 2
| top = {{lang|cho|Saniyah.}}|Sa- niya -h.|1S.II- fat -TNS|'I am fat.'
}}

{{interlinear
| lang = cho
| indent = 2
| top = {{lang|cho|A̱ponnah.}}|A̱- ponna -h.|1S.III- skilled -TNS|'I am skilled.'
}}