Editing Fuel cell (section)

====Automobiles====
Four [[fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell electric vehicle]]s have been introduced for commercial lease and sale: the [[Honda Clarity]], [[Toyota Mirai]], [[Hyundai ix35 FCEV]], and the [[Hyundai Nexo]]. By year-end 2019, about 18,000 FCEVs had been leased or sold worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-17|title=Hydrogen Fuel Cell - Designs, reactions, FCEV, Pros and Cons|url=https://bauaelectric.com/fuel-cell/hydrogen-fuel-cell-design-reaction-pros-and-cons/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Bauaelectric|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718193713/https://bauaelectric.com/fuel-cell/hydrogen-fuel-cell-design-reaction-pros-and-cons/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-market-for-hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles-forecasts-for-major-world-regions-to-2032-301063614.html/|title=Global Market for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles: Forecasts for Major World Regions To 2032|date=2020-05-21}}</ref> Fuel cell electric vehicles feature an average range of {{cvt|314|mi|km|order=flip}} between refuelings<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cecsb.org/fcev/|title=Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles|work=Community Environmental Council|access-date=2018-03-26|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084403/http://www.cecsb.org/fcev/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and can be refueled in about 5 minutes.<ref>Wipke, Keith, Sam Sprik, Jennifer Kurtz and Todd Ramsden. [http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/pdfs/51564.pdf "National FCEV Learning Demonstration"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019173103/http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/pdfs/51564.pdf |date=19 October 2011}}. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, April 2011, accessed 2 August 2011</ref> The U.S. Department of Energy's Fuel Cell Technology Program states that, as of 2011, fuel cells achieved 53–59% efficiency at one-quarter power and 42–53% vehicle efficiency at full power,<ref name=progressreport>Garbak, John. [http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress10/viii_0_technology_validation_overview.pdf "VIII.0 Technology Validation Sub-Program Overview"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032047/http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress10/viii_0_technology_validation_overview.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}. DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Program, FY 2010 Annual Progress Report, accessed 2 August 2011</ref> and a durability of over {{convert|75000|miles|sigfig=2|abbr=on|order=flip}} with less than 10% degradation.<ref name=Accomplishments>[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/accomplishments.html "Accomplishments and Progress"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821050300/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/accomplishments.html |date=21 August 2011}}. Fuel Cell Technology Program, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 24 June 2011</ref> In a 2017 Well-to-Wheels simulation analysis that "did not address the economics and market constraints", General Motors and its partners estimated that, for an equivalent journey, a fuel cell electric vehicle running on compressed gaseous hydrogen produced from natural gas could use about 40% less energy and emit 45% less greenhouse gasses than an internal combustion vehicle.<ref name=Lathia>{{Cite journal|last1=Lathia|first1=Rutvik Vasudev|last2=Dobariya|first2=Kevin S.|last3=Patel|first3=Ankit|title=Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Road Vehicles|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=141|date=10 January 2017|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.150|page=462|bibcode=2017JCPro.141..462L }}</ref>

In 2015, Toyota introduced its first fuel cell vehicle, the Mirai, at a price of $57,000.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://driving.ca/toyota/mirai | title=Mirai – New and Used Car Reviews, Comparisons and News}}</ref> Hyundai introduced the limited production [[Hyundai ix35 FCEV]] under a lease agreement.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/09/27/hyundai-ix35-fuel-cell-paris-2012/ |title=Hyundai ix35 lays claim to world's first production fuel cell vehicle title |work=autoblog.com |first=Jeremy |last=Korzeniewski |date=27 September 2012 |access-date=2012-10-07}}</ref> In 2016, Honda started leasing the Honda Clarity Fuel Cell.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.caranddriver.com/hydro-dip-2017-honda-clarity-fuel-cell-leases-cheaper-than-initially-expected/|title=Hydro Dip: 2017 Honda Clarity Fuel-Cell Leases Cheaper Than Initially Expected|access-date=2018-03-26|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023719/https://blog.caranddriver.com/hydro-dip-2017-honda-clarity-fuel-cell-leases-cheaper-than-initially-expected/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, Hyundai introduced the [[Hyundai Nexo]], replacing the [[Hyundai ix35 FCEV]]. In 2020, Toyota introduced the second generation of its Mirai brand, improving [[fuel efficiency]] and expanding range compared to the original Sedan 2014 model.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.h2bulletin.com/toyota-launches-second-generation-mirai-hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicle/|title=Toyota launches second generation Mirai hydrogen fuel cell vehicle|access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref>

In 2024, Mirai owners filed a [[class action]] lawsuit against Toyota in California over the lack of availability of hydrogen for fuel cell electric cars, alleging, among other things, fraudulent concealment and misrepresentation as well as violations of California's false advertising law and breaches of implied warranty.<ref name=Martin2024>Martin, Polly. [https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/transport/toyota-sued-over-lack-of-hydrogen-availability-for-fuel-cell-cars-in-california/2-1-1676965 "Toyota sued over lack of hydrogen availability for fuel cell cars in California"], ''Hydrogen Insight'', July 15, 2024</ref> The same year, Hyundai recalled all 1,600 Nexo vehicles sold in the US to that time due to a risk of fuel leaks and fire from a faulty "pressure relief device".<ref name=Nexo2024>[https://www.boston.com/news/business/2024/10/18/hyundai-recalls-hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles-due-to-fire-risk-and-tells-owners-to-park-them-outdoors "Hyundai recalls hydrogen fuel cell vehicles due to fire risk and tells owners to park them outdoors"], Associated Press, via Boston.com, October 18, 2024</ref>

=====Criticism=====
Some commentators believe that hydrogen fuel cell cars will never become economically competitive with other technologies<ref name=Romm2014/><ref name=TechRev>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2007/03/01/226486/hell-and-hydrogen |title=Hell and Hydrogen|date=March 2007 |publisher=Technologyreview.com |access-date=2011-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slashgear.com/833231/heres-why-hydrogen-cars-were-doomed-to-fail |title=Here's Why Hydrogen Cars Were Doomed to Fail |last1=Fernandez |first1=Ray |date=April 14, 2022 |website=SlashGear |access-date=April 16, 2022}}</ref> or that it will take decades for them to become profitable.<ref name=Meyers1/><ref name=Lux2013/> Elon Musk, CEO of battery-electric vehicle maker [[Tesla Motors]], stated in 2015 that fuel cells for use in cars will never be commercially viable because of the inefficiency of producing, transporting and storing hydrogen and the flammability of the gas, among other reasons.<ref name=Musk1>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_e7rA4fBAo "Elon Musk on why Hydrogen fuel cell is dumb (2015)"], YouTube, 14 January 2015, at 10:20 of the clip</ref> In 2012, Lux Research, Inc. issued a report that stated: "The dream of a hydrogen economy ... is no nearer". It concluded that "Capital cost ... will limit adoption to a mere 5.9 GW" by 2030, providing "a nearly insurmountable barrier to adoption, except in niche applications". The analysis concluded that, by 2030, PEM stationary market will reach $1 billion, while the vehicle market, including forklifts, will reach a total of $2 billion.<ref name=Lux2013>Brian Warshay, Brian. [http://www.luxresearchinc.com/news-and-events/press-releases/143.html "The Great Compression: the Future of the Hydrogen Economy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315140923/http://www.luxresearchinc.com/news-and-events/press-releases/143.html |date=15 March 2013 }}, Lux Research, Inc. January 2013</ref> Other analyses cite the lack of an extensive [[hydrogen infrastructure]] in the U.S. as an ongoing challenge to Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle commercialization.<ref name=RSC/>

In 2014, [[Joseph Romm]], the author of ''[[The Hype About Hydrogen]]'' (2005), said that FCVs still had not overcome the high fueling cost, lack of fuel-delivery infrastructure, and pollution caused by producing hydrogen. "It would take several miracles to overcome all of those problems simultaneously in the coming decades."<ref>Romm, Joseph. [http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/08/13/3467289/tesla-toyota-hydrogen-car/ "Tesla Trumps Toyota Part II: The Big Problem With Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles"], CleanProgress.com, 13 August 2014</ref> He concluded that renewable energy cannot economically be used to make hydrogen for an FCV fleet "either now or in the future."<ref name=Romm2014>Romm, Joseph. [http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/08/05/3467115/tesla-toyota-hydrogen-cars-batteries/ "Tesla Trumps Toyota: Why Hydrogen Cars Can’t Compete With Pure Electric Cars"], CleanProgress.com, 5 August 2014</ref> [[Greentech Media]]'s analyst reached similar conclusions in 2014.<ref>Hunt, Tam. [http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/should-california-reconsider-its-policy-support-for-fuel-cell-vehicles "Should California Reconsider Its Policy Support for Fuel-Cell Vehicles?"], GreenTech Media, 10 July 2014</ref> In 2015, ''[[CleanTechnica]]'' listed some of the disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.<ref>Brown, Nicholas. [http://cleantechnica.com/2015/06/26/hydrogen-cars-lost-much-support/ "Hydrogen Cars Lost Much of Their Support, But Why?"], ''Clean Technica'', 26 June 2015</ref> So did ''Car Throttle''.<ref>[https://www.carthrottle.com/post/engineering-explained-5-reasons-why-hydrogen-cars-are-stupid/ "Engineering Explained: 5 Reasons Why Hydrogen Cars Are Stupid"], ''Car Throttle'', 8 October 2015</ref> A 2019 video by ''Real Engineering'' noted that, notwithstanding the introduction of vehicles that run on hydrogen, using hydrogen as a fuel for cars does not help to reduce carbon emissions from transportation. The 95% of hydrogen still produced from fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, and producing hydrogen from water is an energy-consuming process. Storing hydrogen requires more energy either to cool it down to the liquid state or to put it into tanks under high pressure, and delivering the hydrogen to fueling stations requires more energy and may release more carbon. The hydrogen needed to move a FCV a kilometer costs approximately 8 times as much as the electricity needed to move a BEV the same distance.<ref>Ruffo, Gustavo Henrique. [https://insideevs.com/features/373145/video-compares-bev-fcevs-energy-efficient "This Video Compares BEVs to FCEVs and the More Efficient Is..."], InsideEVs.com, 29 September 2019</ref>

A 2020 assessment concluded that hydrogen vehicles are still only 38% efficient, while battery EVs are 80% efficient.<ref>Baxter, Tom. [https://uk.news.yahoo.com/hydrogen-cars-wont-overtake-electric-111749065.html "Hydrogen cars won't overtake electric vehicles because they're hampered by the laws of science"], ''The Conversation'', 3 June 2020</ref> In 2021 ''[[CleanTechnica]]'' concluded that (a) hydrogen cars remain far less efficient than electric cars; (b) [[grey hydrogen]] – hydrogen produced with polluting processes – makes up the vast majority of available hydrogen; (c) delivering hydrogen would require building a vast and expensive new delivery and refueling infrastructure; and (d) the remaining two "advantages of fuel cell vehicles – longer range and fast fueling times – are rapidly being eroded by improving battery and charging technology."<ref>Morris, Charles. [https://cleantechnica.com/2021/10/14/why-are-3-automakers-still-hyping-hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles "Why Are 3 Automakers Still Hyping Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles?"], CleanTechnica, October 14, 2021</ref> A 2022 study in ''[[Nature Electronics]]'' agreed.<ref>Plötz, Patrick. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00706-6 "Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport"], ''[[Nature Electronics]]'', vol. 5, pp. 8–10, January 31, 2022</ref> A 2023 study by the [[Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research]] (CICERO) estimated that leaked hydrogen has a global warming effect 11.6 times stronger than CO₂.<ref name=CICERO>Bjørnæs, Christian. [https://cicero.oslo.no/en/hydrogen-leaks-add-to-global-warming "Global warming potential of hydrogen estimated"], [[Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research]], June 7, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023</ref>