Editing Hiddensee (section)

== History ==

=== Stone Age to the end of the 17th century ===
The first settlements on the island took place in the middle and younger Stone Age. After a large part of the Germanic population had left the southern Baltic region in the 6th century AD, the [[Rani (tribe)|Rani]] (Slavs) took possession of the island. The [[Hiddensee treasure]], as well as the name of the islet, testify that the area was then in the sphere of influence of the [[Vikings]] in the 9th/10th century. In 1168 the Rans were defeated by King [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Waldemar I]] of [[Denmark]] by conquering the fortress [[Jaromarsburg]] at [[Cape Arkona]] on [[Rügen]], Christianized and brought under Danish feudal dependence. Hiddensee was thus under Danish [[sovereignty]]. On 13 April 1296 the prince of Rügen, [[Vitslav II, Prince of Rügen|Wizlaw II]], donated the island of Hiddensee, "as it was surrounded by the salt sea", to the [[Franzburg|Neuenkamp Abbey]]. There, a Cistercian abbey named Nikolaikamp was founded, named after [[Saint Nicholas|St. Nicholas]] as the [[patron saint]] of sailors. In fact, the [[monastery]] was called [[Kloster Hiddensee]] for the entire time of its existence.<ref>[[Hermann Hoogeweg]]: ''Geschichte des Klosters Hiddensee''. Hrsg.: Buchhandlung Leon Sauniers. Stettin 1924.</ref>

In the fall of 2008, archaeologists excavating under the direction of [[Medieval archaeology|medieval archaeologist]] [[Felix Biermann]] discovered ten burials on the grounds of the former Cistercian monastery. Nine graves were found north of the monastery church and one in the cloister east of the west wing of the [[Enclosed religious orders|enclosure]]. [[Bettina Jungklaus]] [[Anthropology|anthropologically]] examined the skeletons of seven male and two female adults and one young girl. One 20- to 30-year-old male exhibited a healed slash wound to the right frontal bone. There was a joint burial of a 50-60-year-old man with a 14-15-year-old girl, where the man held the youth's left arm with his right hand. The disease burden was strikingly low. Tartar and [[periodontal disease]] were found most frequently. [[Tooth decay|Caries]] was found on only one set of teeth, which was unusually low for medieval populations.<ref>{{citation|author=[[Bettina Jungklaus]]|date=2010|editor=Landesamt für Bodendenkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Archäologischen Landesmuseum|issn=0947-3998|location=Lübstorf|pages=359–368|periodical=Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: Jahrbuch|title=Anthropologische Untersuchungen an zehn Skeletten vom Gelände des Zisterzienserklosters Hiddensee|volume=57}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201944/http://www.anthropologie-jungklaus.de/projekt.php?id=Hiddensee,%20Zisterzienserkloster Projekt Hiddensee, Zisterzienserkloster].'' (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) In: ''anthropologie-jungklaus.de.'' Archived from the original 8 September 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.</ref>

Simultaneously with the construction of the monastery, the Gellenkirche, a small beacon called Luchte, and the first harbor were built on the Gellen in the south of the island in the years 1302 to 1306. The foundations of these structures are located (today) west of the Gellen in the Baltic Sea.

In 1332, the [[Dedication of churches|consecration]] of the [[Island Church]], intended for the farmers and fishermen of the island, took place in today's Kloster district outside the monastery walls. With the transfer of the [[baptismal font]] from the Gellenkirche to the new church, pastoral duties have been carried out from there ever since. The barrel vault, built in around 1781, received a painting with rose decoration by the Berlin painter Nikolaus Niemeier in 1922.

In the course of the [[Reformation]], the monastery was dissolved in 1536. During the [[Thirty Years' War]] from 1618 to 1648, soldiers burned down the mixed oak forest on the Dornbusch on [[Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)|Wallenstein's]] orders in 1628, thus depriving the [[Denmark|Danes]] of the opportunity to extract timber. Even in the 21st century, the ash layer from that time can still be seen on the roadsides near the [[lighthouse]] a few centimeters below the turf. In the years from 1648 to 1815, Hiddensee, like the whole of Western Pomerania, was under Swedish administration.
[[File:Jacob Philipp Hackert - Auf Hiddensee (1764).jpg|thumb|[[Jacob Philipp Hackert|Jakob Philipp Hackert]] - On Hiddensee at the time of Giese, 1764]]
From 1754 to 1780, [[Joachim Ulrich Giese]] was the owner of the island and began mining<ref>{{citation|access-date=2022-04-23|author=August Stoehr|date=1920|issue=III. Die Norddeutschen Fabriken. 4. Die Fabriken in Mecklenburg und Pommern|location=Berlin, Würzburg|pages=533–534|periodical=Bibliothek für Kunst- und Antiquitätensammler|publisher=Richard Carl Schmidt & Co|title=Deutsche Fayencen und Deutsches Steingut. Ein Handbuch für Sammler und Liebhaber|url=http://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/vester/content/pageview/3002586|volume=20}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[clay]] for the ''Stralsunder Fayencenmanufaktur'' he founded.

=== 19th century to the end of the Second World War ===
[[File:Hiddensee historische karte.jpg|thumb|Detail Special Charte Island of Rügen (1829)]]
From 1800 to 1836 the island belonged to captain and Knight [[Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Bagewitz]] (1777–1835) on [[List of characters in the Family Guy franchise|Ralow]]. He increased the levies, drove the people of Hiddensee to 104 days of forced labor annually on his estates and prevented a school for the children. Under him, the free peasants in Grieben became serfs. Even when [[Gustavus Adolphus|King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden]] abolished serfdom in 1806, nothing changed on Hiddensee.

From 1815, Hiddensee and Vorpommern belonged to [[Prussia]] until the end of [[World War II]] and was assigned to the district of [[Rügen]] (until 1939, the district of Rügen). In 1836, [[Stralsund|Stralsund's]] [[Holy Spirit Monastery]] acquired the island, and the first schools on the island were built in Plogshagen and Kloster in 1837 and 1840, respectively. In the years between 1854 and 1864, a reorganization of the land relations also took place on Hiddensee in the context of the redemption of the real burdens (liberation of farmers).
[[File:Stralsund, KHM, Hiddenseeschmuck Kopie, Detail (2007-03-10).JPG|thumb|Cross of [[Hiddensee treasure]] in Stralsund]]
Until 1861, Hiddensee was virtually treeless for decades, except for the barren willow avenue between the monastery and Grieben and a few pines planted there around 1770, as well as a few trees at Schwedenhagen and Rübenberg. The dense oak tree population on Hiddensee, which still existed in the 13th century, had been almost completely decimated for firewood, house and ship building by the beginning of the 17th century. That the slash-and-burn in 1628 by [[Albrecht von Wallenstein|Wallenstein]] would have destroyed the forest, as the [[legend]] would have it, is unlikely, because already on the map of Rügen by [[Eilhard Lubinus|Eilhard Lubin]] from 1602 no tree symbol is drawn on Hiddensee anymore and the thorn bush is shown as bare hilly land. First in 1861 the Dornbusch between Bakenberg and Hucke was planted with pines, around 1900 also the Dornbusch north of Bakenberg, the coastal section from Hucke to the museum of local history as well as from there along the coast to Gellen ([[Karkensee]]). The section of coast in front of Vitte was excluded from this, because the Vitter rejected the government's offered reforestation for the reason that access to the beach for tourists would then be impeded.

In 1864 and 1872, the island was hit by [[severe storm floods]]. During the first flood, Hiddensee broke in two due to a complete flooding at the narrowest point of the island, south of Neuendorf, which could only be reversed by extensive reconstruction measures six years later. After the second storm flood, the [[Hiddensee treasure]], a Viking work from the 10th century, is said to have been found. A [[replica]] of it can be seen in the [[Hiddensee Museum of Local History]],<ref>Claudia Hoffmann: ''Der Goldschmuck von Hiddensee.'' In: ''WELT-KULTUR-ERBE.'' Nr. 01/2009, {{OCLC|265909878}}</ref> the original is on display in the [[Stralsund Museum]].

In 1874, the district of Hiddensee was formed in the German Empire. In 1875, the painter [[Gustav Schönleber]] "discovered" Hiddensee, which was difficult to access. In 1888 the lighthouse on the Dornbusch, the harbor and the sea rescue station were completed in Kloster. In 1887 the bulwark in Kloster was built, and in 1905 and 1907 the steamer landing bridges in Vitte and Neuendorf. From this time on, larger ships could dock directly on Hiddensee and the adventurous mooring or disembarking at the level of the ferry island was no longer necessary. From 1892 onwards, [[steamship]]s operated regularly between Stralsund and Kloster for the first time. From 1905, with the founding of the medical association, the first doctor on Hiddensee received his license.

With the almost simultaneous construction of five large hotels in Kloster (''Haus Hitthim'' in 1909, ''Zum Klausner'' in 1911, ''Wieseneck and Haus am Meer'' - the later Vogelwarte - both in 1913, and in the same year the Dornbusch, which had been expanded from an inn to a hotel), the number of tourists increased by leaps and bounds and Kloster became the island's main tourist resort.

With the founding of the Hiddensee Nature Conservation Association, the [[Fährinsel]] was declared a [[nature reserve]] in 1910 and [[Gellen]] and [[Gänsewerder]] in 1922 by the Prussian government. The status of a nature reserve was given to the [[Dornbusch, the Schwedenhagener Ufer]] and the [[Altbessin]] in 1937.

From 1916 to 1921, the photographer [[Elfriede Reichelt]] visited the island several times. Between 1922 and 1925, [[Max Taut]] built a house on Hiddensee every year. The most famous is the [[Asta Nielsen|''Karusel'']] in Vitte, built in 1922, which the silent film actress [[Asta Nielsen]] bought as a residence in 1928 and for which [[Bruno Taut]] had designed the color concept of the house. Just near Karusel is another house by Max Taut, ''Haus Weidermann'', built in 1923 for the Berlin merchant Karl Weidermann. In Kloster stand the ''Haus Pingel'', built for the interior designer Walter Pingel in 1924 (significantly altered structurally in the 1960s), and right next to it the house built in 1925 for the Berlin publisher Max Gehlen, which has been on the grounds of the [[Hiddensee Biological Station|Biological Station of Hiddensee]] since 1930 and is used as a doctoral student house.

In 1927, a police regulation was issued prohibiting the use of motor vehicles on the island. Only the island doctor and the local police were allowed to use a motorcycle. In the same year the island was connected to the electricity grid and three years later the Biological Research Station was founded by Erich Leick from the [[University of Greifswald]], which together with an ornithological station became the [[Biological Research Institute Hiddensee|Biological Research Institute  of Hiddensee]] in 1936.
[[File:Ernst Thoms - Hiddensee (1937).jpg|alt=Watercolor on paper by Ernst Thoms, 1937|thumb|Hiddensee: [[Watercolor painting]] on paper by [[Ernst Thoms]], 1937]]
In 1937, work began on the large stone embankment with stone groynes in front of the Hucke. It was planned to protect the entire approximately four-kilometer-long break-off bank of the Dornbusch with a rampart. In addition to protecting the island, the intention was to limit sand drift in order to save the costs of constant dredging at the Gellen channel and in the Stralsund fairway. The outbreak of World War II put an end to the construction work, only four hundred meters were completed and remained so until today. After the construction of the Huckemauer, the beach at Kloster and Vitte deteriorated, suffering from a lack of sand.

Between 1937 and 1939, the three communities on the island merged to form the municipality of Hiddensee. Until before 1939, according to the last officially published ''Güter-Adressbuch Pommern'', the family of Paul Wüstenberg was the tenant of the 239 ha ''Stadtgutes Kloster Hiddensee''.<ref>{{citation |title=Landwirtschaftliches Adreßbuch der Provinz Pommern 1939. Verzeichnis von ca. 20000 landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben von 20 ha aufwärts mit Angabe der Besitzer, Pächter und Verwalter, der Gesamtgröße des Betriebes und Flächeninhalt der einzelnen Kulturen; nach amtlichen Quellen |periodical=Letzte Ausgabe Reihe Paul Niekammer |volume=Band I f. Ausgabe Pommern |issue=Kreis Rügen |pages=50 |year=2020 |editor=H. Seeliger |orig-date=1939 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzgDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kloster+Hiddensee+1939+Paul+W%C3%BCstenberg&pg=PA50 |access-date=2022-04-23 |edition=9 |location=Leipzig |publisher=Verlag von Niekammer's Adreßbüchern G.m.b.H. |isbn=978-3-88372-229-0}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> According to genealogical sources of the Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, his family withdrew from the estate already around 1937.<ref>Kurt Winckelsesser, Heinz Ritt, [[Joachim Wüstenberg]]: ''Pommersches Geschlechterbuch. 1971''. In: Bernhard Koerner, Edmund Strutz, Marianne Strutz-Ködel, Friedrich Wilhelm Euler (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Geschlechterbuch. Genealogisches Handbuch der Bürgerlichen Familien''. Achter Band. 145 der Gesamtreihe, Wüstenberg. C. A. Starke, Limburg an der Lahn 1971, pp. 400–402 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=YsPTDwAAQBAJ&dq=Kloster+Hiddensee+1939+Paul+W%C3%BCstenberg&pg=PA401 google.de] [Retrieved 2022-04-23]).</ref> He was succeeded by [[Rüdiger von Hagen]], brother of [[Albrecht von Hagen]], who later became a short-time [[curator]] of the University of Greifswald.<ref>[[Siegfried von Boehn]], Wolfgang von Loebell: ''Die Zöglinge der [[:de:Ritterakademie (Brandenburg an der Havel)|Ritterakademie zu Brandenburg]] a. H. Teil. Fortsetzung und Ergänzung 2., 1914 - 1945. Mit einer Gedenktafel der Opfer des 2. Weltkrieges''. Hrsg.: Karl von Oppen, [[Otto Graf Lambsdorff]], Gerhard Hannemann. Zöglingsnummer 1944 Rüdiger von Hagen. Gerhard Heinrigs, Köln 1971, [[:de:Deutsche Nationalbibliothek|DNB]] [https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?referrer=Wikipedia&method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D720252679 720252679], pp. 102–318.</ref> The family of Paul Wüstenberg was the tenant of the 239 ha town estate.

At the end of the 1930s, bunkers and [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] weapons were built at Enddorn for air defense during World War II, as well as a jetty at Schwedenhagen for material transport. The bunkers were blown up by the Soviet Army in 1945 (the debris was not removed until the 2000s) and the jetty was developed by [[VEB Erdöl-Erdgas Grimmen]] for experimental oil drilling in the 1960s. The pier was subsequently used, from 1974, by a [[Pusher configuration|pusher]] for island supply and demolished in 2010.

=== 1945 until 1989 ===
On 4-5 May 1945 [[Red Army|Soviet troops]] occupied the island. In the same year as in the following year, the Hiddensee estate was divided into 18 [[new farms]] as part of the [[land reform]].

On 28 July 1946 [[Gerhart Hauptmann]] was buried in the cemetery in [[Kloster (Hiddensee Island)]]. The memorial stone was unveiled exactly five years later, on 28 July 1951.

In 1952, the second ferry service between Seehof on Rügen and the ferry island had to be discontinued.

Between 1958 and 1959, the ''[[VEB Fahrzeug- und Jagdwaffenwerk "Ernst Thälmann"]]'' built a vacation village for its employees in Dünenheide. Right next to it, the ''Bau- und Montagekombinat Industrie- und Hafenbau Stralsund'' built another vacation village for its employees in 1980/81.

From 1952 to 1955, Hiddensee belonged administratively to the [[Bergen]] district. In 1953, during ''[[Aktion Rose]]'', some hoteliers fled to the West, others were arrested. After this action, all hotels on the island were expropriated and handed over to the [[Free German Trade Union Federation|FDGB]]. In the fifties the local history museum and the Gerhart Hauptmann Haus opened; the [[Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft|LPG]] Dornbusch was founded.
[[File:Erdölbohrturm Hiddensee 1967.jpg|thumb|Oil rig in May 1967 north of Grieben]]
In 1962, dike construction began between Kloster and Vitte. With the diking of the meadows and pastures along the Bodden coast, the largest transformation of Hiddensee began. In Vitte, the Bodden water previously went as far as the streets ''Wiesenweg'', ''Norderende'' and ''Zum Seglerhafen''. Large parts of today's harbor of Vitte as well as the whole area with today's sports field, the heliport and the sailing harbor Lange Ort were artificially washed up or drained. Also in Kloster parts of the Bodden were drained, which before the dike construction had still extended from the harbor to far behind ''Höhe Postweg''.<ref>Herbert Ewe: ''Hiddensee'', VEB Hinstorff Verlag Rostock 1986.</ref>

The [[Weiße Flotte (Stralsund)|Weiße Flotte Stralsund]] took over the cooperative shipping company and the fishermen founded the [[FPG'n]] ''De Süder'' in Neuendorf and Swantevit in Vitte.

On 10 April 1967 [[Hydrocarbon exploration|petroleum exploration]] began as a result of seismic surveys in the north of the island of Hiddensee with the ''E Rügen 2/67'' research well. This 4,602 m deep well, as well as the wells ''E Hiddensee 3/67'', ''4/68 and 5/68'' that followed until December 1968, did not yield any exploitable oil deposits. The 5th well, which had already been prepared, was cancelled, and all wells were plugged in the summer of 1971.<ref>''Schatzsucher. Eine Chronik des Grimmener Erdölbetriebes.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20130209000234/http://www.erdoelmuseum-reinkenhagen.de/geruest.htm Erdölmuseum Reinkenhagen] (Saved 9 February 2013 in ''Internet Archive'')</ref> The crude oil produced up to that point was shipped by tanker from a temporary port near Kloster to the Soviet Union for examination and processing.

Until 1971, the site of the ''5. Technische Beobachtungskompanie Dornbusch'' of the [[NVA (arts organisation)|NVA]] was built between the pension Zum Klausner and the [[Dornbusch Lighthouse|Dornbusch lighthouse]]. Behind a double fence, with dog run in between, there was an ammunition bunker and other buildings. The facility was dismantled in 1993 and the bunker was covered with earth. Since then, the former access road, the plate road from Kloster, which forks shortly before Klausner, leads to the right into "nothingness".

In 1972/73, the connecting roads between the villages were paved with concrete slabs, except for a gap of about 500 m between Vitte and Kloster, which existed for many years due to an incipient shortage of building material, and which is still recognizable today as the only asphalted road section. In 1974, the domestic waste dumps on the outskirts of all localities were covered and a central waste dump was built for them near ''Swantiberges''. This was exhausted in the early nineties. Since 1993, all garbage is collected in the port of Vitte and transported to Rügen.

On 7 May 1989, 4.7 percent of the votes cast in the GDR local elections on Hiddensee were against the government. Hiddensee was considered a niche for dissidents and dropouts, who often worked in hotels, restaurants or as lifeguards in the summer. On the small island, they were easy to control, and despite sometimes open Stasi surveillance, some incidents and meetings were accepted. An intellectual climate prevailed on Hiddensee, and artists, writers, actors, musicians and scientists retreated there, such as [[Jo Harbort]], [[Christine Harbort]], [[Günter Kunert]], [[Kurt Böwe]], [[Harry Kupfer]], [[Inge Keller]], [[Günther Fischer]], [[Armin Mueller-Stahl]], [[Christoph Hein]], [[Robert Rompe]] or members of the punk band [[Feeling B]].<ref>Marion Magas: ''Hiddensee – Versteckte Insel im verschwundenen Land. DDR-Zeitzeugnisse von Inselfreunden und Lebenskünstlern''. 2. Auflage. Berlin 2010, {{ISBN|3-00-018132-6}}, pp. 31–40, 57–59, 171–174.</ref>

The bodies of people who were shot during escape attempts across the Baltic Sea, mostly in a [[folding kayak]], or who perished without outside interference, were also found again and again on the beaches of Hiddensee, such as those of 18-year-old Friedrich Klein and Ernst August Utpaddel (both in February 1962) and 21-year-old Uwe Richter (in August 1987). But Hiddensee was also the starting point for one of the most spectacular escapes from the GDR and the only one with a [[surfboard]], in November 1986, by 30-year-old Karsten Klünder and 22-year-old Dirk Deckert one day later. In the early morning of each day, both of them sailed from Gellen to the Danish island of [[Møn]], 70 kilometers away, in a good four hours with homemade surfboards and sails.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/ddr-flucht-auf-dem-surfbrett-a-997114.html |author=Anja Reumschüssel |website=Spiegel Geschichte |title=Surfer im Todesstreifen |date=2014-10-20 |language=de |access-date=2021-01-11}}</ref>

=== From 1989 ===
After the [[Political union|reunification]], a new pier for the cargo ferry was completed in Vitte. Some sailors then used the old concrete pier of the push boat in Kloster as a sailing harbor. From the 2010s, a yachting harbor with sanitary facilities was created during the largest harbor renovation project in Kloster.

In 1992, the research facilities at the Schwedenhagen test site of [[Central Institute for Electron Physics]] in Berlin and the Ferry Island test site of [[Central Institute for Microbiology and Experimental Therapy]] in Jena were abandoned.

Hiddensee was also the site of the [[large-scale electric vehicle test]] launched in 1992 by the Federal Ministry of Research and the automotive industry. In the course of the test, a large solar system was installed on the roof of a building at the port of Vitte, which still exists today.

In May 2010, the tent cinema in Vitte had to be closed after 46 years. After a transitional period at changing locations, a new tent cinema opened at Vitte harbor in 2012, with [[Jörg Mehrwald]] as its director until 2020.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-10-15|author=Ostsee-Zeitung|language=de|title=Hiddenseer Kino-Chef schmeißt hin|date=2 October 2020 |url=https://www.ostsee-zeitung.de/lokales/vorpommern-ruegen/ruegen/nach-neun-jahren-hiddenseer-kino-chef-schmeisst-hin-PZD7WZVFUUVRN56FLMEVT6WT6I.html}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

Between 2010 and 2014, some roads were repaved or paved at all and the local roads were widened by a good 50 percent (Vitte-Neuendorf 2010 and Kloster-Vitte 2014). In Vitte, a helipad went into operation in 2012 for emergency patients and for a disaster situation.

In October 2019, a new island bus with electric drive was put into operation. The predecessor ran on diesel and was thus still one of the few combustion vehicles on the island, after the police had also switched to an electric car in September 2015.

Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the island was closed to tourists for some time in 2020.

At the beginning of 2021, it became known that the municipality of Hiddensee would like to expand the harbor in Vitte. Plans include a 135-place yachting harbor, a multipurpose hall, a 5590-square-meter photovoltaic system, a seawater desalination plant in a twelve-meter tower, two piers, an expansion of the ferry dock for cruise ships, and several other buildings. A citizens' initiative has been formed against the expansion plans.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-08-12|title=Bürgerinitiative HAFEN VITTE|url=https://vitte-hafen.de|website=vitte-hafen.de}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>