Editing Inertial confinement fusion (section)

===Other projects===
The French [[Laser Mégajoule]] achieved its first experimental line in 2002, and its first target shots were conducted in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-lmj.cea.fr/fr/lmj/index.htm |title=Le Laser Mégajoule |access-date=2016-10-08 |archive-date=2016-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811004348/http://www-lmj.cea.fr/fr/lmj/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The machine was roughly 75% complete as of 2016.

Using a different approach entirely is the [[z-pinch|''z''-pinch]] device. ''Z''-pinch uses massive electric currents switched into a cylinder comprising extremely fine wires. The wires vaporize to form an electrically conductive, high current plasma. The resulting circumferential magnetic field squeezes the plasma cylinder, imploding it, generating a high-power x-ray pulse that can be used to implode a fuel capsule. Challenges to this approach include relatively low drive temperatures, resulting in slow implosion velocities and potentially large instability growth, and preheat caused by high-energy x-rays.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sandia.gov/pulsedpower/prog_cap/pub_papers/010607a.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117115440/http://www.sandia.gov/pulsedpower/prog_cap/pub_papers/010607a.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Z-Pinch Power Plant a Pulsed Power Driven System for Fusion Energy|archivedate=January 17, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|bibcode=2002AIPC..651....3G|doi =10.1063/1.1531270|series=AIP Conference Proceedings|conference =DENSE Z-PINCHES: 5th International Conference on Dense Z-Pinches. |date=2002|last1=Grabovskii|first1=E. V.|volume=651|pages=3–8|title=Fast Z - Pinch Study in Russia and Related Problems }}</ref>

Shock ignition was proposed to address problems with fast ignition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perkins|first1=L. J.|last2=Betti |first2=R. |last3=LaFortune |first3=K. N. |last4=Williams |first4=W. H. |date=2009 |title=Shock Ignition: A New Approach to High Gain Inertial Confinement Fusion on the National Ignition Facility |url=http://hifweb.lbl.gov/public/LLNL-LDRD-refs2009/Perkins-PRL09.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hifweb.lbl.gov/public/LLNL-LDRD-refs2009/Perkins-PRL09.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=045004 |bibcode=2009PhRvL.103d5004P |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.045004 |pmid=19659364}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.hiper-laser.org/Resources/HiPER_Preparatory_Phase_Completion_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.hiper-laser.org/Resources/HiPER_Preparatory_Phase_Completion_Report.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=HiPER Preparatory Phase Completion Report |author=HiPER Project Team |date=1 December 2013 |access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ribeyre |first1=X. |last2=Schurtz |first2=G. |last3=Lafon|first3=M.|last4=Galera|first4=S.|last5=Weber|first5=S.|date=2009|title=Shock ignition: an alternative scheme for HiPER |journal=Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=015013 |bibcode=2009PPCF...51a5013R |doi=10.1088/0741-3335/51/1/015013 |s2cid=120858786 |issn=0741-3335}}</ref> Japan developed the KOYO-F design and laser inertial fusion test (LIFT) experimental reactor.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Norimatsu|first1=Takayoshi|last2=Kozaki|first2=Yasuji|last3=Shiraga|first3=Hiroshi|last4=Fujita|first4=Hisanori|last5=Okano|first5=Kunihiko|last6=Azech|first6=Hiroshi|date=2013|title=Laser Fusion Experimental Reactor LIFT Based on Fast Ignition and the Issue|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=CLEO_AT-2013-ATh4O.3|journal=CLEO: 2013 (2013), Paper ATh4O.3|language=EN|publisher=Optical Society of America|pages=ATh4O.3|doi=10.1364/CLEO_AT.2013.ATh4O.3|isbn=978-1-55752-972-5|s2cid=10285683}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Norimatsu|first1=T.|last2=Kawanaka|first2=J.|last3=Miyanaga|first3=M.|last4=Azechi|first4=H.|date=2007|title=Conceptual Design of Fast Ignition Power Plant KOYO-F Driven by Cooled Yb:YAG Ceramic Laser|url=http://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_1606|journal=Fusion Science and Technology|volume=52|issue=4|pages=893–900|doi=10.13182/fst52-893|bibcode=2007FuST...52..893N |s2cid=117974702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Norimatsu|first=T.|date=2006|others=US-Japan workshop on Power Plant Studies and related Advanced Technologies with EU participation (24-25 January 2006, San Diego, CA)|title=Fast ignition Laser Fusion Reactor KOYO-F - Summary from design committee of FI laser fusion reactor|url=http://www-ferp.ucsd.edu/LIB/MEETINGS/0601-USJ-PPS/Norimatsu.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www-ferp.ucsd.edu/LIB/MEETINGS/0601-USJ-PPS/Norimatsu.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2017, clean energy startup Apollo Fusion began to develop a hybrid fusion-fission reactor technology.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stone|first=Brad|date=3 April 2017|title=Former Google Vice President Starts a Company Promising Clean and Safe Nuclear Energy|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-03/former-google-vice-president-starts-a-company-promising-clean-and-safe-nuclear-energy|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Thompson|first=Avery|date=3 April 2017|title=Can a Googler's Fusion Startup Kickstart Nuclear Power?|language=en|work=Popular Mechanics|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/a25922/apollo-fusion-startup-googler-nuclear-power/|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref>

In Germany, technology company Marvel Fusion is working on [[:de:Trägheitsfusion#Lasergetriebene Proton-Bor-Fusion|laser-initiated inertial confinement fusion]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A revolutionary solution for carbon-free energy |url=https://www.marvelfusion.io/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Marvel Fusion}}</ref> The startup adopted a short-pulsed high energy laser and the [[Aneutronic fusion|aneutronic]] fuel [[PB11 fusion|pB11]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The case for funding fusion |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/07/10/the-case-for-funding-fusion/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=TechCrunch|date=10 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wengenmayr|first=Roland|title=Alternative Kernfusion: Mit Superlasern und einem Quantentrick|language=de |work=FAZ.NET |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-mehr/start-up-aus-muenchen-will-ein-fusionskraftwerk-zum-laufen-bringen-17352358.html |access-date=2021-08-10|issn=0174-4909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marvel Fusion attracts Leading Scientific Talent to Munich |url=https://www.marvelfusion.io/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Marvel Fusion}}</ref> It was founded in Munich 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vecchiato |first=Alexandra |title=Erneuerbare Energien: Milliardenprojekt in Penzberg |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/wolfratshausen/penzberg-erneuerbare-energien-marvel-fusion-plaene-1.5096632 |access-date=2021-08-10|website=Süddeutsche.de|date=28 October 2020 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bär |first=Markus |title=Ein Münchner Start-up forscht mit Kernfusion am Feuer der Zukunft |url=https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/Forschung-Ein-Muenchner-Start-up-forscht-mit-Kernfusion-am-Feuer-der-Zukunft-id60060556.html |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Augsburger Allgemeine|date=12 July 2021 |language=de}}</ref> It works with [[Siemens Energy AG|Siemens Energy]], [[Trumpf|TRUMPF]], and [[Thales Group|Thales]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-03 |title=European industrial giants join nuclear fusion race |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b13261a6-a44b-462a-8303-9aed1ac649a0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/b13261a6-a44b-462a-8303-9aed1ac649a0 |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-09-21}}</ref> The company partnered with [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laserforschung: LMU und Marvel Fusion vereinbaren Kooperation zur Erforschung der laserbasierten Kernfusion |url=https://www.lmu.de/de/newsroom/newsuebersicht/news/laserforschung-lmu-und-marvel-fusion-vereinbaren-kooperation-zur-erforschung-der-laserbasierten-kernfusion.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.lmu.de |language=de}}</ref>

In March 2022, Australian company HB11 announced fusion using non-thermal laser pB11, at a higher than predicted rate of alpha particle creation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newatlas.com/energy/hb11-laser-fusion-demonstration/|title=HB11's hydrogen-boron laser fusion test yields groundbreaking results|date=29 March 2022 }}</ref> Other companies include NIF-like Longview Fusion and fast-ignition origned Focused Energy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Startups try to turn laser fusion success into clean power plants |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/startups-try-turn-laser-fusion-success-clean-power-plants |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref>