Editing Multinational state (section)

====Pakistan====
{{further|Ethnic groups of Pakistan}}
[[File:Mother Tongue by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|250px|Dominant Ethnolinguistic Group in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]]]
[[Pakistan]]'s population comprises various ethnolinguistic groups; the major groups are the [[Punjabis]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Sindhis]], [[Saraikis]], [[Balochs]], [[Brahuis]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Paharis]], and [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]]. Minor groups includes the [[Kashmiris]], [[Chitralis]], [[Shina people|Shina]], [[Balti people|Baltis]], [[Indus Kohistani people|Kohistanis]], [[Torwali people|Torwalis]], [[Hazaras]], [[Burusho people|Burusho]], [[Wakhi people|Wakhis]], [[Kalash people|Kalash]], [[Siddi]]s, [[Uzbeks in Pakistan|Uzbeks]], [[Nuristanis]], [[Pamiris]], [[Hazarawals|Hazarewals]] and several other minorities.

Present-day Pakistan arose out of the [[Pakistan Movement]], which demanded a separate state for the Muslims of the [[British Raj]]. The movement was based on the [[two-nation theory]] put forward by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]: the idea that Hindus and Muslims in British India represented not only different religious communities but also distinct nations, and hence that, in the event of [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], they should be divided into two nation states. Jinnah (known in Pakistan as "Quaid-e-Azam", meaning "the great leader"){{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} outlined the theory as follows:

{{blockquote|It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state."<ref name=dt-march>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C03%5C23%5Cstory_23-3-2011_pg3_6|title=VIEW: March towards independence|newspaper=Daily Times|date=23 March 2011|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="res3">[http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/statements/two-nation.asp Excerpt from the Presidential Address delivered by Quaid-e-Azam at Lahore, March 22–23, 1940] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628044030/http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/statements/two-nation.asp |date=2006-06-28 }}, Nazariapak.info</ref>}}

This movement culminated in the creation of Pakistan in 1947 through the [[partition of India]]. [[Urdu]] was then promoted as the national language of all [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|South Asian Muslims]]. However, Pakistan remains ethnically diverse. Punjabis are the largest ethnolinguistic group, but at 45 percent of the population, they do not make up an absolute majority. Furthermore, only 8 percent of Pakistanis speak the national language, Urdu, as their [[First language|mother tongue]]. As a result, many nationalist movements that oppose the two-nation theory have emerged, arguing that Pakistan is not only a linguistically diverse state but also a multinational one, and that, therefore, each ethnolinguistic group of Pakistan is a distinct nation.<ref name="pakethnat">{{cite book |author=Tariq Rahman |title=Language and Politics in Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |page=2}}</ref> Common grievances of these movements include the idea that Punjabis dominate Pakistan politically and economically, thus marginalizing other groups, and that the establishment of Urdu as the country's sole official language is a form of [[cultural imperialism]] that ignores the heritage of Pakistan's diverse peoples.

The most successful of these movements was [[Bengali nationalism]], which led to the creation of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-speaking nation-state of [[Bangladesh]]. The movement asserted that Urdu's official status gave an unfair advantage to Muhajirs (most of whom speak Urdu as their mother tongue) and Punjabis (whose mother tongue, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], is similar to Urdu, and many of whom were educated in Urdu under British rule). Bengalis feared they would be marginalized despite their demographic strength as, at the time, the largest ethnic group of Pakistan. These grievances culminated in the secession of [[East Bengal]] (which had been part of the administrative unit of [[East Pakistan]]) and the creation of Bangladesh.

Today, nationalist movements within Pakistan include those of the [[Sindhi nationalism|Sindhis]], [[Pashtun nationalism|Pashtuns]], [[Baloch nationalism|Balochs]], [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|Mohajirs]], and [[Kashmiriyat|Kashmiris]]. The members of these movements assert that Islam cannot be considered the sole basis for nationhood, and that Pakistan is therefore a multinational state. Their demands range from increased autonomy or the transformation of Pakistan into a [[federation]], to the recognition of [[language rights]] for non-Urdu-speaking populations, to outright secession.

Despite the fact that Punjabis are widely seen as the dominant ethnic group in Pakistan, both economically and politically, there is also a small [[Punjabiyat|Punjabi movement]] that asserts that the Punjabi language has been unfairly subordinated to Urdu and supports the reestablishment of cultural and economic links with [[East Punjab]] in India.<ref name="punjnat">{{cite book |author=Tariq Rahman |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/rahman2.html |title='The Punjabi Movement' from ''Language and Politics in Pakistan''}}</ref>