Editing Multiple unit (section)

==By country==
===Africa===

====Algeria====
[[File:Coradia ZZe-03, Gare de l'Agha 2023.jpg|thumb|A Coradia ZZe trainset from [[National Company for Rail Transport|SNTF]] at Agha Station]]
Algeria possesses 17 units of the Coradia El Djazaïr, a multiple unit train produced by Alstom. These units are similar to the French version of Régiolis, which belongs to the Coradia family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International2018-05-19T06:00:00+01:00 |first=Railway Gazette |title=By Coradia to Batna |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/passenger/by-coradia-to-batna/46474.article |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Railway Gazette International |language=en}}</ref> 

==== South Africa ====
[[File:Wikimania 2018, Cape Town (P1050609).jpg|thumb|Metrorail 10M5 approaching [[Simon's Town railway station|Simon's Town station]], [[Cape Town]]]]
[[Metrorail (South Africa)|Metrorail]], which provides commuter rail service in major urban areas of South Africa, operates most services using electric multiple unit train sets of the type [[SAR Class 5M2|5M2A]]. These trains are being gradually refurbished and subsequently designated as 10M3 (Cape Town), 10M4 (Gauteng) or 10M5 (Durban). Metrorail services are split into four regions; [[Metrorail Gauteng|Gauteng]], [[Metrorail KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Metrorail Eastern Cape|Eastern Cape]] and [[Metrorail Western Cape|Western Cape]].

[[Gautrain]], a commuter rail system in [[Johannesburg]], operates with [[Bombardier Electrostar]] electric multiple units.

===East Asia===
====China====
[[File:China_railways_CRH2_unit_001.jpg|thumb|A [[China Railway High-speed]] EMU]]
The concept of multiple unit has entered the horizon of the Chinese since the 6th Speed-up Campaign of [[China Railway]] in 2007. With the upgrade of [[Jinghu Railway]], North [[Jingguang Railway]], [[Jingha Railway]] and [[Hukun Railway]], and the construction of new Passenger Dedicated Lines (or Passenger Railways) completed, [[China Railway High-speed|CRH]] (China Railway High-speed) trains have been put into service, mainly in North and Northeast China, and East China. All these CRH trains are electric multiple units. This was the beginning of the general service of multiple unit trains in China's national railway system.

Far earlier than the introduction of CRH brand, multiple unit trains have been running on all major cities' metro lines in China.

====Japan====
[[File:Shinkansen N700 z15.jpg|thumb|A [[N700 Series Shinkansen]] set in June 2008]]
In Japan almost all passenger trains, including the high-speed [[Shinkansen]], are of the multiple-unit (MU) type, with most locomotives now used solely in freight operations. Of the locomotive-hauled passenger services still in operation, the majority are tourist-oriented, such as the numerous steam-hauled trains operated seasonally on scenic lines throughout the country, as well as some of the luxury cruise trains.

Japan is a country of high population density with a large number of railway passengers in relatively small urban areas, and frequent operation of short-distance trains has been required. Therefore, the high acceleration ability and quick turnaround times of MUs have advantages, encouraging their development in this country. Additionally, the mountainous terrain gives the MUs an advantage on grades steeper than those found in most countries, particularly on small private lines many of which run from coastal cities to small towns in the mountains.

Most long-distance trains in Japan were operated by locomotives until the 1950s, but by utilizing and enhancing the technology of short-distance urban MU trains, long-distance express MU-type vehicles were developed and widely introduced starting in the mid-1950s. This work resulted in the original [[Shinkansen]] development which optimized all of the EMU's efficiencies to maximize speed. It was introduced upon completion of the [[Tokaido Shinkansen]] (literally "new trunk line") in 1964. By the 1970s, locomotive traction was regarded as slow and inefficient, and its use is now mostly limited to freight trains.

From 1999, there have been development efforts in [[M250 series|freight EMU]] technology, but it is currently used only for an express freight service on the [[Tokaido Main Line]] between Tokyo and Osaka. The government has been pushing for the adoption of freight EMU technology on energy efficiency grounds in the hope that widespread adoption could assist in meeting {{CO2}} emissions targets. The effort has been principally targeted at express package shipping that would otherwise travel by road.

==== South Korea ====
In South Korea, the [[KTX-I]] and [[KTX-Sancheon]], which are still centralized power trains, are the main trains, but the [[KTX-Eum]], which opened in 2021, and the [[KTX-Cheongryong]], which opened in 2024, are the multiple unit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2022 |title=KTX-Eum whisks travelers to Andong with lower emissions |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/05/18/business/industry/Korea-KTXeum-KTX/20220518191302764.html |work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2024 |title=KTX Cheong-ryong to elevate Korea's high-speed rail |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/national-en/2024/04/03/2XIXWUXO5BBNRETZQFD7H5DRU4/ |work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]}}</ref>
===Europe===
====Belgium====
The [[Belgian Railways Classical twin EMUs|first EMUs]] have been introduced in Belgium in the 1930s. Several models have followed since then, such as the ''AM75''.
[[File:SNCB AM75 (827) Gare de Binche - 08 août 2023.jpg|thumb|right|AM75 at the Binche train station (Belgium).]]

====Ireland====
{{Main|Multiple units of Ireland}}

[[Córas Iompair Éireann|CIÉ]] introduced its first [[GNRI AEC Class|DMUs]], the 2600-class, in 1951.

====Russia====
[[File:RZD ED4M-0103 Moskva-Yaroslavskaya.jpg|thumb|right|Elektrichka on [[Yaroslavskiy Rail Terminal]], Moscow]]
{{Main|Elektrichka}}

'''Elektrichka''' ({{langx|ru|электри́чка}}, {{langx|uk|електри́чка|translit=elektrychka}}) is an informal word for ''elektropoezd'' ({{langx|ru|электропо́езд}}), a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] or post-Soviet regional (mostly [[suburban]]) [[electrical multiple unit]] passenger [[train]]. Elektrichkas are widespread in Russia, [[Ukraine]] and some other countries of the former Soviet Union. The first ''elektrichka'' ride occurred in August 1929 between Moscow and [[Mytishchi]].

==== Sweden ====
Swedish railroads have been privatized in steps for about 25 years, and today many different companies operate different types of multiple units. A majority of passenger trains today consists of multiple unit trains of which regional traffic exclusively use them.

==== Switzerland ====
[[File:SBB RABe 523 FLIRT der Zuger S-Bahn.jpg|thumb|The [[Stadler FLIRT|RABe 523]] is the most common multiple units on Switzerland, used by almost every S-Bahn.]]
The [[Swiss Federal Railways]] use many multiple units, mainly on regional lines ([[S-Bahn]]).

* Regional lines
** [[SBB-CFF-FFS RBDe 560|RBDe 560]]
** [[SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 514|RABe 514]]
** [[RABe 520]] "Thurbo"
** [[Stadler FLIRT|RABe 523]] "FLIRT" and variants
** [[Stadler KISS|RABe 511]] "KISS"
* Inter-City lines
** [[SBB-CFF-FFS RABDe 500|RABDe 500]] "ICN"
*International lines
**[[New Pendolino|ETR 610]]<ref name="NoteETR">The ETR 470 is currently being retired. Both ETR are property of [[Cisalpino]], a company owned by the Swiss Federal Railways and [[Trenitalia]] and are used on [[Eurocity]] lines</ref>
**[[SBB RABe 501|RABe 501]]

====United Kingdom====
[[File:Southern 377 at Hemel Hempstead.JPG|thumb|[[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]] [[British Rail Class 377|Class 377]]/2 377207 at {{Stnlnk|Hemel Hempstead}} with a train from {{Stnlnk|Milton Keynes Central}} to {{Stnlnk|East Croydon}}]]
{{Main|British electric multiple units|British railcars and diesel multiple units}}

In the UK the use of modern diesel multiple units was pioneered in [[Northern Ireland]],{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} although a number of other railway companies also experimented with early DMUs (including the Great Western and the London Midland Scottish). Notable examples include the [[British Rail Sprinter|Sprinter]] and [[Bombardier Voyager family|Voyager]] families, and the newer [[British Rail Class 395|Javelin]] trains.

The [[London Underground]] passenger system is operated exclusively by EMUs. Work trains on the Underground employ separate locomotives, some of which are dual battery/live rail powered.

In Northern Ireland the majority of passenger services have been operated by diesel multiple units since the mid-1950s under the tenure of both the [[Ulster Transport Authority]] (1948–1966) and [[Northern Ireland Railways]] (since 1967).

===Oceania===
====Australia====
The first multiple unis in Australia were the [[Tait (train)|Tait]] trains, wooden bodied [[Electric Multiple Unit]] train that operated in   [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]. They were originally introduced as steam locomotive hauled carriages but were converted to electric traction from 1919 during Melbourne’s electrification project.<ref name="pjvm">{{cite web |last=Vincent |first=Peter J. |date=30 August 2007 |title=M – Sliding Door Suburban Motor Car |url=http://www.pjv101.net/cd/pages/c225m.htm |website=PJV's Website}}</ref>

===South Asia===
====India====
{{Main|Multiple units of India}}
[[Indian Railways]] has recently introduced a semi-high-speed EMU named [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Vande Bharat Express]], capable of running at {{Convert|183|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. And it continues to use diesel and electrical multiple units on its national network. All suburban and rapid transit lines are served by EMUs.

===Southeast Asia===
====Indonesia====
Indonesia uses diesel since 1976 and electric MUs since 1925. Most of these MUs were built in Japan.

====Philippines====
The Manila Railroad Company (MRR) acquired its first multiple units in the 1930s. The locally-built MC class was initially powered by gasoline and was changed to diesel during [[World War II]]. Both the MRR and its successor, the [[Philippine National Railways]] (PNR), has since acquired various classes of diesel multiple units. All multiple units owned by MRR and all of the older MUs of the PNR were built by Japanese firms. On the other hand, its newer rolling stock were built in [[South Korea]] and [[Indonesia]]. There will also be DMUs that will be built in [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese firm signs contract to supply trains for PNR Bicol project |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/18/19/chinese-firm-signs-contract-to-supply-trains-for-pnr-bicol-project |date=18 December 2019 |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

The first electric multiple units were acquired in 1984 for the [[LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila)|LRT Line 1]] built by [[La Brugeoise et Nivelles]] in [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Satre |first=Gary |date=June 1998 |title=The Metro Manila LRT—A Historical Perspective |url= https://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr16/pdf/f33_satre.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518232855/http://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr16/pdf/f33_satre.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-18 |url-status=live |journal=Japan Railway & Transport Review |volume=16 |pages=33–37}}</ref> The first EMUs to be used outside of [[rapid transit]] will enter service between 2021 and 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bworldonline.com/dotr-prepares-to-award-rolling-stock-contract/ |title=DoTr prepares to award rolling stock contract |work= [[BusinessWorld]] |location= Manila |date=21 May 2019 |last=Valdez |first=Denise |access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref>

===North America===
[[File:Gtw riverline.JPG|thumb|New Jersey transit [[Stadler GTW]] DMU used on the [[River Line (NJ Transit)|River Line]]]]
{{See also|Commuter rail in North America}}

Most trains in North America are locomotive-hauled and use Multiple Unit (MU) control to control multiple locomotives.  The control system of the leading locomotive connects to the other locomotives so that the engineer's control is repeated on all the additional locomotives. The locomotives are connected by multi-core cables. {{Citation|title=The Railway Technical Website|url=http://www.railway-technical.com/trains/rolling-stock-index-l/diesel-locomotives/us-locomotive-mu-control.html|volume=US Locomotive MU Control}}  This does not make these locomotives MUs {{Dubious|date=June 2019}}for the purposes of this article. See [[Train#North America|locomotive consist]].

However, commuters, [[rapid transit]], and [[light rail]] operations make extensive use of MUs. Most{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} electrically powered trains are MUs.

The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ([[SEPTA]]) Regional Rail Division uses EMUs almost exclusively&nbsp;— the exception being some of its peak express service. [[New Jersey Transit]] service on the [[Northeast Corridor Line]] is split between electric locomotives and EMUs.

[[M2 (railcar)|M2]], [[M4 (railcar)|M4]], [[M6 (railcar)|M6]] and [[M8 (railcar)|M8]] EMUs which operate on the [[New Haven Line]] of [[Metro-North Railroad]], are “[[multi-system (rail)|multi-system]]” meaning they can draw power from either the third rail or from [[overhead lines]]. This allows operation under the wires between [[Pelham (Metro-North station)|Pelham, NY]] and [[Union Station (New Haven)|New Haven, CT]], a section of track owned by Metro North but shared with Amtrak's Northeast Corridor service, and on third rail between Pelham and [[Grand Central Terminal]]. EMUs are used on [[Agence métropolitaine de transport|AMT]]'s [[Deux-Montagnes Line (AMT)|Montreal/Deux-Montagnes line]].

DMUs are less common, partly because new light rail operations are almost entirely electric, with many commuter routes already electrified, and also because of the difficulties posed by [[Federal Railway Administration]] rules limiting their use on shared passenger/freight corridors. When the [[Budd RDC]] was developed following World War II, it was adopted for many secondary passenger routes in the United States (especially on the [[Boston and Maine Railroad]]) and Canada. These operations generally survived longer in Canada, but several were abandoned in the [[Via Rail]] cutbacks of the early 1990s. One that survives is [[Victoria - Courtenay train]] on Vancouver Island. DMU use in Canada has been resurrected in recent years, beginning with the opening of [[Union Pearson Express]] in 2015.

While most DMUs need to comply with strict [[Federal Railroad Administration|FRA]] crash requirements for simultaneous operation with freight railways, European-style DMUs are used with [[timesharing]] arrangements on several rail lines, including the [[River Line (New Jersey Transit)|RiverLINE]] in New Jersey. Only a handful of manufacturers in the United States produce or have produced FRA-compliant DMUs, including [[Colorado Railcar]] (now [[US Railcar]]) and [[Nippon Sharyo]]/[[Sumitomo Corporation]]. [[NJ Transit]] has experimented with this DMU on the [[Princeton Branch]] line. In August 2006 it was announced that Amtrak wants the State of Vermont to experiment with DMUs on the state-subsidized Vermonter line from [[New Haven (Amtrak station)|New Haven]] north to [[St. Albans (city), Vermont|St. Albans]] to replace the less efficient diesel locomotive trainsets currently used.

MU streetcars were used in Toronto by the [[Toronto Transportation Commission]] (later [[Toronto Transit Commission]]) from 1949 to 1966 using 100 [[Presidents' Conference Committee (Toronto LRT car)|PCC A-7]] built by [[St. Louis Car Company]] and [[Canadian Car and Foundry]].<ref>{{cite web |date=25 June 2015 |author=Peter C. Kohler |title=The Post-War All-Electric PCC Cars (Classes A6-A8) |publisher=Transit Toronto |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/streetcar/4505.shtml}}</ref> These two car units ran along the [[Toronto streetcar system#Route numbers|Bloor Street]] route only beginning in 1950 and ceased operations after the opening of the Bloor–Danforth subway line in 1966. The A-7 units were later converted to single use.