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NMDA receptor
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====Examples==== Common agents in which NMDA receptor antagonism is the primary or a major mechanism of action: * [[4-Chlorokynurenine]] (AV-101) β glycine site antagonist; prodrug of [[7-chlorokynurenic acid]]<ref name="Flight2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Flight MH | title = Trial watch: phase II boost for glutamate-targeted antidepressants | journal = Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | pages = 897 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24287771 | doi = 10.1038/nrd4178 | s2cid = 33113283 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="VΓ©cseiSzalΓ‘rdy2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = VΓ©csei L, SzalΓ‘rdy L, FΓΌlΓΆp F, Toldi J | title = Kynurenines in the CNS: recent advances and new questions | journal = Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 64β82 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23237916 | doi = 10.1038/nrd3793 | s2cid = 31914015 }}</ref> * [[7-Chlorokynurenic acid]] β glycine site antagonist * [[Agmatine]] β endogenous polyamine site antagonist<ref name="pmid10785653">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reis DJ, Regunathan S | title = Is agmatine a novel neurotransmitter in brain? | journal = Trends in Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 187β193 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 10785653 | doi = 10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01460-7 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid12363406">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gibson DA, Harris BR, Rogers DT, Littleton JM | title = Radioligand binding studies reveal agmatine is a more selective antagonist for a polyamine-site on the NMDA receptor than arcaine or ifenprodil | journal = Brain Research | volume = 952 | issue = 1 | pages = 71β77 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12363406 | doi = 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03198-0 | s2cid = 38065910 }}</ref> * Argiotoxin-636 β naturally occurring dizocilpine or related site antagonist found in ''[[Argiope (spider)|Argiope]]'' venom * [[AP5]] β glutamate site antagonist * [[AP-7 (drug)|AP7]] β glutamate site antagonist * [[CGP-37849]] β glutamate site antagonist * [[Serine|D-serine]] - ''t''-NMDA receptor antagonist / inverse co-agonist<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /> * [[Delucemine]] (NPS-1506) β dizocilpine or related site antagonist; derived from argiotoxin-636<ref name="pmid11026487">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mueller AL, Artman LD, Balandrin MF, Brady E, Chien Y, DelMar EG, Kierstead A, Marriott TB, Moe ST, Raszkiewicz JL, VanWagenen B, Wells D | display-authors = 6 | title = NPS 1506, a moderate affinity uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist: preclinical summary and clinical experience | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 177β179 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11026487 | doi = 10.1007/s007260070047 | s2cid = 2899648 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26257776">{{cite journal | vauthors = Monge-Fuentes V, Gomes FM, Campos GA, Silva J, Biolchi AM, Dos Anjos LC, GonΓ§alves JC, Lopes KS, Mortari MR | display-authors = 6 | title = Neuroactive compounds obtained from arthropod venoms as new therapeutic platforms for the treatment of neurological disorders | journal = The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases | volume = 21 | pages = 31 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26257776 | pmc = 4529710 | doi = 10.1186/s40409-015-0031-x | doi-access = free }}</ref> * [[Dextromethorphan]] (DXM) β dizocilpine site antagonist; prodrug of [[dextrorphan]] * [[Dextrorphan]] (DXO) β dizocilpine site antagonist * [[Dexanabinol]] β dizocilpine-related site antagonist<ref name="ShohamiMechoulam2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pop E | title = Nonpsychotropic synthetic cannabinoids | journal = Current Pharmaceutical Design | volume = 6 | issue = 13 | pages = 1347β1360 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 10903397 | doi = 10.2174/1381612003399446 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2556719">{{cite journal | vauthors = Feigenbaum JJ, Bergmann F, Richmond SA, Mechoulam R, Nadler V, Kloog Y, Sokolovsky M | title = Nonpsychotropic cannabinoid acts as a functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 86 | issue = 23 | pages = 9584β9587 | date = December 1989 | pmid = 2556719 | pmc = 298542 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.86.23.9584 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1989PNAS...86.9584F }}</ref><ref name="pmid8242387">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nadler V, Mechoulam R, Sokolovsky M | title = Blockade of 45Ca2+ influx through the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ion channel by the non-psychoactive cannabinoid HU-211 | journal = Brain Research | volume = 622 | issue = 1β2 | pages = 79β85 | date = September 1993 | pmid = 8242387 | doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90804-v | s2cid = 36689761 }}</ref> * [[Diethyl ether]] β unknown site antagonist * [[Diphenidine]] β dizocilpine site antagonist * [[Dizocilpine]] (MK-801) β dizocilpine site antagonist * [[Eliprodil]] β ifenprodil site antagonist * [[Esketamine]] β dizocilpine site antagonist * [[Hodgkinsine]] β undefined site antagonist * [[Ifenprodil]] β ifenprodil site antagonist<ref name="pmid21677647">{{cite journal | vauthors = Karakas E, Simorowski N, Furukawa H | title = Subunit arrangement and phenylethanolamine binding in GluN1/GluN2B NMDA receptors | journal = Nature | volume = 475 | issue = 7355 | pages = 249β253 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21677647 | pmc = 3171209 | doi = 10.1038/nature10180 }}</ref> * [[Kaitocephalin]] β naturally occurring glutamate site antagonist found in ''[[Eupenicillium shearii]]'' * [[Ketamine]] β dizocilpine site antagonist * [[Kynurenic acid]] β endogenous glycine site antagonist * [[Lanicemine]] β low-trapping dizocilpine site antagonist * [[LY-235959]] β glutamate site antagonist * [[Memantine]] β low-trapping dizocilpine site antagonist * [[Methoxetamine]] β dizocilpine site antagonist * [[Midafotel]] β glutamate site antagonist * [[Nitrous oxide]] (N<sub>2</sub>O) β undefined site antagonist * [[PEAQX]] β glutamate site antagonist * [[Perzinfotel]] β glutamate site antagonist * [[Phencyclidine]] (PCP) β dizocilpine site antagonist * [[Phenylalanine]] - a naturally occurring amino acid, glycine site antagonist<ref name=pmid11986979>{{cite journal | vauthors = Glushakov AV, Dennis DM, Morey TE, Sumners C, Cucchiara RF, Seubert CN, Martynyuk AE | title = Specific inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function in rat hippocampal neurons by L-phenylalanine at concentrations observed during phenylketonuria | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 359β367 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11986979 | doi = 10.1038/sj.mp.4000976 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Glushakov AV, Glushakova O, Varshney M, Bajpai LK, Sumners C, Laipis PJ, Embury JE, Baker SP, Otero DH, Dennis DM, Seubert CN, Martynyuk AE | display-authors = 6 | title = Long-term changes in glutamatergic synaptic transmission in phenylketonuria | journal = Brain | volume = 128 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 300β307 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15634735 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awh354 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * [[Psychotridine]] β undefined site antagonist * [[Selfotel]] β glutamate site antagonist * [[Tiletamine]] β dizocilpine site antagonist * [[Traxoprodil]] β ifenprodil site antagonist * [[Xenon]] β unknown site antagonist Some common agents in which weak NMDA receptor antagonism is a secondary or additional action include: * [[Amantadine]] β an [[antiviral]] and [[Management of Parkinson's disease#Medication|antiparkinsonian]] drug; low-trapping dizocilpine site antagonist<ref>{{ClinicalTrialsGov|NCT00188383|Effects of ''N''-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-Receptor Antagonism on Hyperalgesia, Opioid Use, and Pain After Radical Prostatectomy}}</ref> * [[Atomoxetine]] β a [[norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]] used to treat {{abbrlink|ADHD|attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder}}<ref name="Atomoxetine acts as an NMDA receptor blocker in clinically relevant concentrations">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ludolph AG, Udvardi PT, Schaz U, Henes C, Adolph O, Weigt HU, Fegert JM, Boeckers TM, FΓΆhr KJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Atomoxetine acts as an NMDA receptor blocker in clinically relevant concentrations | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 160 | issue = 2 | pages = 283β291 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20423340 | pmc = 2874851 | doi = 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00707.x }}</ref> * [[Dextropropoxyphene]] β an [[opioid analgesic]] * [[Ethanol]] ([[alcoholic drink|alcohol]]) β a [[euphoriant]], [[sedative]], and [[anxiolytic]] used recreationally; unknown site antagonist * [[Guaifenesin]] β an [[expectorant]] * [[Huperzine A]] β a naturally occurring [[acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]] and potential [[antidementia]] agent * [[Ibogaine]] β a naturally occurring [[hallucinogen]] and [[antiaddictive]] agent * [[Ketobemidone]] β an opioid analgesic * [[Methadone]] β an opioid analgesic * [[Minocycline]] β an [[antibiotic]]<ref name="pmid28616020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shultz RB, Zhong Y | title = Minocycline targets multiple secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury | journal = Neural Regeneration Research | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 702β713 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28616020 | pmc = 5461601 | doi = 10.4103/1673-5374.206633 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * [[Tramadol]] β an atypical opioid analgesic and [[serotonin releasing agent]]
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