Editing Nilo-Saharan languages (section)

==Comparative vocabulary==
Sample basic vocabulary in different Nilo-Saharan branches:

''Note'': In table cells with slashes, the singular form is given before the slash, while the plural form follows the slash.

{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="font-size: 85%"
! Language !! eye !! ear !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! mouth !! blood !! bone !! tree !! water !! eat !! name
|-
| Proto-[[Nilotic languages|Nilotic]]<ref>Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan. 1988. "The lexical reconstruction of proto-Nilotic: a first reconnaissance." ''Afrikanistische'' (''AAP'') 16: 5–67.</ref> || *(k)ɔŋ, pl. *(k)ɔɲ || *yit̪ || *(q)ume || *kɛ-la(-c) || *ŋa-lyɛp || *(k)ʊt̪ʊk ||  || *käw || *kɛ-ɛt, *kɪ-yat || *pi(-ʀ) || *ɲam || *ka-ʀin
|-
| Proto-[[Eastern Jebel languages|Jebel]]<ref>Bender, M. Lionel. 1998. "The Eastern Jebel Languages of Sudan." ''Afrika und Übersee'' 81: 39–64.</ref> || **ed ~ *er || **si(di ~ gi) ||  || **ɲi-di || **kala-d || **udu || **k-afa-d || **(g-)am- || **kaca || **cii ~ *kii || **ɲam || (siigə, saag)
|-
| [[Temein language|Temein]]<ref>Blench, Roger. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Nilo-Saharan/Eastern%20Sudanic/Temein%20cluster/Comparative%20Temein%20wordlist.pdf Temein languages comparative wordlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125150641/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Nilo-Saharan/Eastern%20Sudanic/Temein%20cluster/Comparative%20Temein%20wordlist.pdf |date=2021-01-25 }}''.</ref> || nɪ́ŋɪ̀nàʈ / kɛ̀ɛ́n || wénàʈ / kwèén || kɪ́mɪ́nʈɪ̀n / kɪkɪ́mɪ́nʈɪ́nɪ̀ || awɪ̀s / kɛ́ɛ̀ʔ || mɛ́nɖɪnyàʈ || íʈùk / k(w)úʈɪ̀n || mónɪ̀ʈ || àmɪ̀s / kɔ́maʔ || mɛ́rɛŋɪ̀s / mɛ́rɛŋ || múŋ || láma || kàlɪ́n, kàlɪ́ŋ
|-
| Proto-[[Daju languages|Daju]]<ref>Thelwall, Robin. 1981. ''The Daju Language Group''. Doctoral dissertation. Coleraine: New University of Ulster.</ref> || *aŋune / *aŋwe ~ *aŋun || *wunute / *wunuge || *mu-ne || *ɲiɣte / *ɲiɣke || *ɲabire / *ɲabirta || *ikke / *ikku || *tamuke || *ŋai / *ŋayu || *ewete / *ewe || *ma- || *si- || *ange / *angu
|-
| [[Kadugli language|Kadugli]] (Talla dialect)<ref>[[Thilo C. Schadeberg|Schadeberg, Thilo]]. 1994. Comparative Kadu Wordlists. ''Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere'' 40:11–48. University of Cologne.</ref> || ayyɛ / iyyɛ || naasɔ / isinɛ́ || ámb-/nigáŋg-árɔk || t̪- / iŋŋini || áŋdáɗuk / ni- || niinɔ / niginíínɔ || ariid̪ʊ || t̪iŋguba / kuba || ffa / nááfa || ɓiid̪i || oori || ɛɛrɛ / nigirɛɛnɛ
|-
| Proto-[[Northern Eastern Sudanic languages|Northern Eastern Sudanic]]<ref name="Rilly2010"/> || *maɲ || *ɲog-ul || *em-u || *ŋes-il || *ŋal || *ag-il ~ *ag-ul || *ug-er || *kɛs-ɛr || *koɲ-er- || *mban || *kal- / *kamb- || *(ŋ)ɛr-i
|-
| [[Nara language|Nara]]<ref name="Rilly2010"/> || no, nòò / no-ta, nóó-ta || tús / túsá || demmo, dəmmo, dàm̀mò, dòmmò || nɪ̀hɪ̀ / nɪ̀hɪ̀t-tá; nèʃɪ̀ / nèʃá || hàggà, àggà, ààdà, hàdà || aùlò / aùl-lá; àgúrá / àgúr-tà || kitto, kɪ̀tò || ketti, kəti, kátɪ́ / ketta, kátá || tüm, tûm; kè́l || emba, mbàà || kal, kál, kár || ade, ààdà
|-
| Proto-[[Nubian languages|Nubian]]<ref name="Rilly2010">Rilly, Claude. 2010. Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.</ref> || *maaɲ, sg. *miɲ-di || *ugul(-e), sg. *ugul-di || ? || *ŋil, sg. *ŋíl-di || *ŋal, sg. ŋal-di || *agil || *ùg-er || *kiser, sg. *kisir-ti || *koor, sg. *koor-ti || *es-ti || *kal- || *er-i
|-
| Proto-[[Taman languages|Taman]]<ref name="Rilly2010"/> || *me-ti, pl. *mVŋ || *(ŋ)usu-ti (sg) || *eme, sg. emi-ti (sg.) || *ŋesi-t(i), pl. *ŋes-oŋ || *laat || *auli || *agi || *kei-ti, pl. *kei-ŋ || *gaan; *kiɲe(-ti) (?) || *kal /*kaal || *ŋan- || *(ŋ)aat, pl. *(ŋ)ari-g
|-
| Proto-[[Nyimang languages|Nyima]]<ref name="Rilly2010"/> || *a̍ŋV || *ɲɔgɔr- || *(o)mud̪- (?) || *ŋil- || ? || *ŋàl- || *wule || *amV || *t̪uma || *bɔ́ŋ || *t̪a̍l- / *ta̍m- || 
|-
| Proto-[[Surmic languages|SW Surmic]]<ref name="Yigezu2001">Yigezu, Moges. 2001. ''A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages''. Bruxelles: Université libre de Bruxelles. Doctoral dissertation, University of Bruxelles.</ref> || *kɛɓɛrɛ (pl.) || *it̪t̪at || *ʊŋɛtʃ (?) || *ɲiggɪtta || *ʌgʌʌt || *(k)-ʊt̪t̪ʊk || *ɓɪj- || *ɛmmɛ || *kɛɛt̪ || *maam || *ɗak- || *ðara
|-
| Proto-[[Surmic languages|SE Surmic]]<ref name="Yigezu2001"/> || *kabari || *ɲabi (?) || *giroŋ || *ɲigidda (?) || *kat || *tuk- || *ɲaɓa || *giga (?) || *kɛdo (?) || *ma ||  || *sara
|-
| Proto-[[Kuliak languages|Kuliak]]<ref>Heine, Bernd. 1976. The ''Kuliak Languages of Eastern Uganda''. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.</ref> || *ekw, pl. *ekw=ẹk || *beos, pl. *beosẹk || *nyab, pl. *nyabẹk ||  || *ɛd-eɓ || *ak, pl. *akẹk || *seh || *ɔk || *ad, pl. *ad=is || *kywɛh ||  || *yed, pl. *yedẹk
|-
| [[Shabo language|Shabo]]<ref>Jordan, Linda, Hussein Mohammed, and Jillian Netzley. 2015. Sociolinguistic Survey of the Shabo of Ethiopia. SIL Electronic Survey Report 2015-019. SIL International.</ref> || sɛ || k’iti || sonɑ || k’ɑu || hɑndɑ || kɑusɛ || dɑmo || emɑhɑ; egege || k’ɔnɑ || wɔː ||  || woŋgɑse
|-
| [[Ongota language|Ongota]]<ref>Wedekind, Klaus. 2001. ''[http://www.sil.org/silesr/2002/SILESR2002-066.pdf Sociolinguistic Survey Report of the Languages of the Gawwada, Tsamay, and Diraasha Areas with Excursions to Birayle (Ongota) and Arbore (Irbore): Part 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728092241/http://www.sil.org/silesr/2002/SILESR2002-066.pdf |date=2012-07-28 }}''. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2002-066: 6–15.</ref> || ˈʔaːfa || ˈwoːwa || ˈsiːna (loan?) || ʔitiˈma || ʔɑdabo (loan?) || ˈʔiːfa ||  || ˈmitʃa (loan?) || ˈhɑntʃa || ˈtʃaːhawa || ʔeˈdʒak || ˈmiʃa
|-
| Proto-[[Bongo-Bagirmi languages|Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi]]<ref>Boyeldieu, Pascal, Pierre Nougayrol, and Pierre Palayer. 2006. ''[http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/SBB/afficheSeries.html Lexique comparatif historique des langues Sara-Bongo-Baguirmiennes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124093625/http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/SBB/afficheSeries.html |date=2021-01-24 }}''. Online version.</ref> || *kamɔ; *kamu; *kama || *imbi; *EmbE; *mbili; *mbElE; *imbil-; *EmbEl- || *Samɔ; *Samu; *Somu; *kanu; *kunu; *kVnV || *kanga; *nganga || *unɖɛ(C-) || *tara || *manga; *masu; *mVsV; *nɖuma || *Kinga; *Kunga; *Kingo || *kaga || *mEnE; *mAnɛ; *mani || *OɲO; *ɔɲɔ; *VɲV || *iɭi; *ʈV
|-
| Proto-[[Mangbetu languages|Mangbetu]]<ref>Demolin, Didier. 1992. ''Le Mangbetu: etude phonétique et phonologique'', 2 vols. Brussels: Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres, Université libre de Bruxelles dissertation.</ref> || *mʷɔ̀ || *bɪ́ || *amɔ̀ || *kɪ́ || *kàɖrà || *tí(kpɔ̀) || *álí || *kpɔ̀ || *kɪ́rɪ́ɛ̀ || *gʷò || *láɲɔ̀ || *kɛ̀lʊ̀
|-
| [[Mangbutu language|Mangbutu]]<ref name="Bokula">Bokula, Moiso & Agozia-Kario Irumu. 1994. Bibliographie et matériaux lexicaux des langues Moru-Mangbetu (Soudan-Central, Zaïre). ''Annales Aequatoria'' 10: 203‒245.</ref> || owékékí || ubí || tongi || usɛ́ || kedrú || utí || koto || ikpi || okpá || uwɛ || ano || aɓé
|-
| [[Lendu language|Bale]]<ref name="Bokula"/> || ɲɔ̌ || bí || ndǔ̱tú̱ || kú || da || tso || zú || kpa || tsú || cû || wyɔ || ngbá / nzú
|-
| [[Ndrulo language|Ndru]]<ref name="Bokula"/> || nikpɔ́ || ɓi(na) || ondǐ̹tsǔ̹ || ku || da || tsu || âzû || kpá || ítsú || ǐɗá || ɲú || óvôná
|-
| [[Ma'di language|Ma'di]] (Uganda)<ref>Boone, Douglas; Richard L. Watson (editors). 1996. ''[https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/42/91/56/42915629557882956271906201383741312783/silesr1999_001.pdf Moru-Ma'di survey report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305112023/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/42/91/56/42915629557882956271906201383741312783/silesr1999_001.pdf |date=2022-03-05 }}''. Nairobi, Kenya: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref> || mī || bí || ɔ̀mvɔ̄ || sí || lɛ̀ɖá || ti || àrɪ́ || hʷa || kʷɛ || èyí || ɲā || rú
|-
| [[Birri language|Birri]]<ref name="Santandrea1966">Santandrea, Stefano. 1966. The Birri language: Brief elementary notes. ''Afrika und Übersee'' 49: 81‒234.</ref> || mɛ́; mʊ́ || nvö; nvu || ímɔ̀; ámɔ̀ || sì || ìnɖrɔ́; ìnɖrá || tyi(di) || ɔ́tɔ́ || kpɔ || kpi; kpɪ || wu || ɔnyo || iri
|-
| [[Kresh language|Kresh]]<ref name="Santandrea1976">Santandrea, Stefano. 1976. ''The Kresh group, Aja and Baka languages (Sudan): A linguistic contribution''. Napoli: Istituto Universitario Orientale.</ref> || mumu || mbímbi || uŋú || ʃɛ́ʃɛ̀ || ndjindja || – || srama || kpɔkpɔ́ || kpikpi || ùyù || ɔ́ʃɔ́ || díri
|-
| [[Dongo language (Nilo-Saharan)|Dongo]]<ref name="Santandrea1976"/> || mómu || mbimbi || ʔɔŋu || cẹ̀cẹ̀ || ndjándja || – || ọọs || kpọkpŏ || kpikpi || ùyù || l-ọc(ic) || díri
|-
| [[Aja language (Nilo-Saharan)|Aja]]<ref name="Santandrea1976"/> || iɲi || mimbi || múmú || uku || ndindyi || – || usa || gbäbí || cící || ɓaɓa || aɲ || kiri
|-
| [[Kunama language|Kunama]]<ref>Bender, Lionel. 2001. English-Kunama lexicon. ''Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere'' 65: 201–253.</ref> || wà || ùkùˈnà || bòbòˈnà || mà || ŋèeˈlà || ùˈdà || kòkòˈbà || sàŋˈgà || èˈlà || bìˈà || ˈìŋ(à) || ˈkíidà
|-
| [[Berta language|Berta]]<ref>Bender, M. Lionel. 1989. Berta Lexicon. In Bender, M. Lionel (ed.), ''Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics'', 271–304. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.</ref> || aře || iile || amúŋ || ndu-fuudí || hala || n'du || k’aβa || k’aara || s’ís’ía || fɪ'ri || θɪ́ŋa || huu (= foot)
|-
| [[Gumuz language|Gumuz]], Northern<ref>Ahland, Colleen and Eliza Kelly. 2014. ''[https://www.academia.edu/16371000/Daats%CA%BCi_in-Gumuz_Comparative_Word_list Daatsʼíin-Gumuz Comparative Word list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329012835/https://www.academia.edu/16371000/Daats%CA%BCi_in-Gumuz_Comparative_Word_list |date=2019-03-29 }}''.</ref> || kʼwácá || tsʼéa || ííta || kʼósa || kʼótʼá || sa || maχá || ʒákwá || ɟá || aja || sá || tsʼéa
|-
| Proto-[[Koman languages|Koman]]<ref name=Otero>Otero, Manuel Alejandro. 2019. ''A Historical Reconstruction of the Koman Language Family''. Doctoral thesis. Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon.</ref> || *D̪E || *cʼɛ || *ʃʊnʃ || *ʃE || *lEtʼ̪a || *tʼ̪wa || *sʼámá; *bàs || *ʃUImakʼ || *cwálá || *jiɗE || *ʃa; *kʼama || *D̪uga
|-
| [[Gule language|Gule]]<ref>Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. 1932. Ethnological Observations in Dar Fung. ''Sudan Notes and Records'' 15: 1–61.</ref> || yan || ĭgŭn || fufŭn ||  || ŏdāīān ||  || wāīdjo ||  || wŏt || āī ||  || 
|-
| [[Gule language|Gule]]<ref>Seligmann, Brenda Z. 1911–1912. Note on Two Languages in the Sennar Province of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 2: 297–308.</ref> || yan || igă̄n || fufan ||  || adad ayan || ĭten ||  ||  ||  || ai ||  || 
|-
| [[Amdang language|Amdang]] (Kouchane)<ref>Wolf, Katharina. 2010. ''[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9036 Une enquête sociolinguistique parmi les Amdang (Mimi) du Tchad: Rapport Technique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720055853/https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9036 |date=2020-07-20 }}''. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010-028</ref>  || ni || dili, kiliŋgɛ || gʊrnɑ || kɑlkɑ || dɔlː || sɪˈmi || tʃoː || dʊrtu || sɔŋ || sunu || zɑm || tʃuluk
|-
| Proto-[[Maban languages|Maba]]<ref>Blench, Roger. 2021. ''[https://www.academia.edu/44876227/The_Maban_languages_and_their_place_within_Nilo_Saharan The Maban languages and their place within Nilo-Saharan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115023408/https://www.academia.edu/44876227/The_Maban_languages_and_their_place_within_Nilo_Saharan |date=2021-01-15 }}''.</ref> || *kàSì-k ||  || *dúrmì || *sati-k; *sàdí-k / *sadi-ɲi || *delemi-k ||  || *fàrí-ŋ ||  ||  || *ta-k / *ta-si || *-aɲɔ- || *mílí-ik
|-
| [[Maba language|Maba]]<ref name="Edgar1991">Edgar, John T. 1991. ''Maba-group Lexicon''. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika: Frankfurter Studien zur Afrikanistik, 13.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.</ref> || kàʃì-k/-ñi || koi-k || boiñ || sati-k || delmi-k || kan-a/-tu || àríi || kàñjí-k || soŋgo-k || inji || añ || mílí-i/-síi
|-
| [[Mimi of Decorse]]<ref>Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Maurice. 1907. Document sur les Langues de l'Oubangui-Chari. In ''Actes du XVIe Congrès International des Orientalistes, Alger, 1905'', Part II, 172–330. Paris: Ernest Leroux.</ref> || dyo || feɾ || fir || ɲain ||  || ɲyo ||  ||  || su || engi || ɲyam || 
|-
| [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]<ref>Doris Löhr, H. Ekkehard Wolff (with Ari Awagana). 2009. [https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/5 Kanuri vocabulary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804135648/https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/5 |date=2020-08-04 }}. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) ''World Loanword Database''. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 1591 entries.</ref> || shîm || sə́mò || kə́nzà || tímì; shélì || tə́làm || cî || bû || shíllà || kə̀ská || njî || bù || cû
|-
| [[Zaghawa language|Zaghawa]]<ref>Blažek, Václav. 2007. [https://www.muni.cz/en/research/publications/763232 On application of Glottochronology for Saharan Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328105036/https://www.muni.cz/en/research/publications/763232 |date=2020-03-28 }}. In ''Viva Africa'' 2007. Proceedings of the IInd International Conference on African Studies (April 2007). Plzeň: Dryáda, 2007. p. 19-38, 19 pp. {{ISBN|978-80-87025-17-8}}.</ref><ref>Tourneux, Henry. 1992. Inventaire phonologiques et formation du pluriel en zaghawa (Tchad). ''Afrika und Übersee'' 75, 267–277.</ref> || í || kέbέ || síná || màrgiː || tàmsiː || áá || ógú || úrú || bɛ̀gìdiː || bí || sε:gì || tír
|-
| [[Dendi language|Dendi]]<ref>Zima, Petr. 1994. ''Lexique dendi (songhay): [[Djougou]], Bénin: avec un index français-dendi''. (Westafrikanische Studien 4). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.</ref> || mò || háŋŋá || nínè || hínydyè || dɛ́llɛ̀ || méè || kpííʀì || bíʀí || túúʀì || hàʀí || ŋwáà || máà
|-
| [[Tadaksahak]]<ref>Christiansen-Bolli, Regula. 2010. ''A Grammar of Tadaksahak: a Northern Songhay Language of Mali''. Leiden.</ref> || mó || haŋgá || t-í-nʒar || ée-ʃan || íilǝs || míya || kud-én || biidí || tugúdu || aryén || ŋá || mân
|}