Editing Problem gambling (section)

=== Asia ===
Gambling in Asia is particularly challenging to study because it is prohibited in a majority of countries. In countries such as China and Japan, the only way to gamble legally is through government-ran lotteries or casinos.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Muralee |date=2021-09-01 |title=Fantasy sports and gambling regulation in the Asia-Pacific |journal=The International Sports Law Journal |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=166–179 |doi=10.1007/s40318-021-00198-8 |issn=2213-5154 |pmc=8380019}}</ref> Regardless of its legality, gambling still occurs in underground networks and through legal loopholes, such as pachinko in Japan. Gambling behaviors are closely connected with homelessness, especially in places such as Osaka City.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Hwang |first1=Chiyoung |last2=Takano |first2=Taichi |last3=So |first3=Ryuhei |last4=Sahker |first4=Ethan |last5=Kawakami |first5=Sho |last6=Livingstone |first6=Charles |last7=Takiguchi |first7=Naoko |last8=Ono-Kihara |first8=Masako |last9=Kihara |first9=Masahiro |last10=Furukawa |first10=Toshi A. |date=September 2023 |title=Prevalence of gambling disorder and its correlates among homeless men in Osaka city, Japan |journal=Journal of Gambling Studies |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=1059–1076 |doi=10.1007/s10899-022-10121-x |issn=1573-3602 |pmc=10397130 |pmid=35704251}}</ref> Among those who live in poverty and experience homelessness, 43.7% of individuals reported as lifetime gamblers.<ref name=":12" /> There are a number of risk factors associated with this link; primarily, a long duration of homelessness throughout the life-course and repeated instances of homelessness increase risks of gambling behavior.<ref name=":11" /> 

Gambling is also closely associated with gaming behaviors, specifically the prevalence of loot boxes.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Siste |first1=Kristiana |last2=King |first2=Daniel L. |last3=Hanafi |first3=Enjeline |last4=Sen |first4=Lee Thung |last5=Adrian |first5=Adrian |last6=Murtani |first6=Belinda Julivia |date=2025-01-15 |title=Scrutinizing the Gateway Relationship Between Gaming and Gambling Disorder: Scoping Review With a Focus on the Southeast Asian Region |journal=JMIR Serious Games |language=EN |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=e59740 |doi=10.2196/59740|doi-access=free |pmid=39819569 |pmc=11753718 }}</ref> Loot boxes are found within certain games, and they consist of lottery-like in-game merchandising where players can unlock certain items by chance. Loot boxes contain items which are graded by rarity, from common to legendary, and this relationship of rarity to unlock chances closely resembles payouts in certain gambling machines, such as jackpots in slot machines. Jackpots are very high rewards, but the chances of achieving them are very rare; this mimics the rarity of unlocking a legendary item through a loot box. Across 270 studies, there is a significant causal relationship between increasing prevalence of certain gaming behaviors and further risk of gambling addiction.<ref name=":13" />