Editing Problem solving (section)

=== North America ===
In North America, initiated by the work of Herbert A. Simon on "learning by doing" in [[semantic]]ally rich domains,<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal |last1=Anzai|first1=K. |last2=Simon|first2= H. A. |title=The theory of learning by doing |journal=Psychological Review |volume=86 |pages=124–140 |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.86.2.124 |year=1979 |pmid=493441 |issue=2 |ref=Reference-Anzai}}
|2={{cite journal | last1=Bhaskar | first1=R. | last2=Simon | first2=Herbert A. | title=Problem Solving in Semantically Rich Domains: An Example from Engineering Thermodynamics | journal=Cognitive Science | publisher=Wiley | volume=1 | issue=2 | year=1977 | issn=0364-0213 | doi=10.1207/s15516709cog0102_3 |doi-access=free | pages=193–215}}
}}</ref> researchers began to investigate problem solving separately in different natural [[knowledge domain]]s—such as physics, writing, or [[chess]] playing—rather than attempt to extract a global theory of problem solving.<ref>e.g., {{cite book |year=1991 |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0-8058-0650-4 |oclc=23254443}}</ref> These researchers have focused on the development of problem solving within certain domains, that is on the development of [[expertise]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1= Chase|first1=W. G.|last2=Simon|first2=H. A.|year=1973|title=Perception in chess|journal=Cognitive Psychology|volume=4|pages=55–81|doi=10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2 }}
|2={{cite journal |last1=Chi|first1= M. T. H. |last2=Feltovich|first2= P. J. |last3=Glaser|first3= R. |year=1981 |title=Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices |journal=Cognitive Science |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=121–152 |ref=Reference-Chi |doi=10.1207/s15516709cog0502_2|doi-access=free }}
|3={{cite journal |last1=Anderson|first1=J. R. |last2=Boyle|first2= C. B. |last3=Reiser|first3= B. J. | title = Intelligent tutoring systems | journal = Science | year = 1985 | volume = 228 | pages = 456–462 | doi = 10.1126/science.228.4698.456 | pmid = 17746875 | issue = 4698 |ref=Reference-Anderson|bibcode=1985Sci...228..456A |s2cid=62403455}}
}}</ref>

Areas that have attracted rather intensive attention in North America include:
* calculation<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sokol |first1=S. M. |last2=McCloskey |first2=M. |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZECYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |chapter-url-access=limited|chapter=Cognitive mechanisms in calculation |pages=85–116 |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0-8058-0650-4 |oclc=23254443}}</ref>
* computer skills<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kay |first1=D. S. |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZECYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 |chapter-url-access=limited |chapter=Computer interaction: Debugging the problems |pages=317–340 |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0-8058-0650-4 |oclc=23254443 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204055601/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZECYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* game playing<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frensch |first1=P. A. |last2=Sternberg |first2=R. J. |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZECYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 |chapter-url-access=limited|chapter=Skill-related differences in game playing |pages=343–381 |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J .|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0-8058-0650-4 |oclc=23254443}}</ref>
* lawyers' reasoning<ref name="Amsel1991">{{cite book |last1=Amsel |first1=E. |last2=Langer |first2=R. |last3=Loutzenhiser |first3=L. |year=1991 |chapter=Do lawyers reason differently from psychologists? A comparative design for studying expertise |pages=223–250 |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0-8058-0650-4 |oclc=23254443}}</ref>
* managerial problem solving<ref name="Wagner">{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=R. K. |year=1991 |chapter=Managerial problem solving |pages=159–183 |id=[[PsycNET]]: [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1991-98396-005 1991-98396-005] |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}}</ref>
* mathematical problem solving<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite book|author-link=George Pólya|last=Pólya|first=George|year=1945|title=How to Solve It|publisher=Princeton University Press}}|2={{cite book|last=Schoenfeld|first=A. H.|year=1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cbSBQAAQBAJ|url-access=limited|title=Mathematical Problem Solving|location=Orlando, Fla.|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-1-4832-9548-0|access-date=2019-06-09|archive-date=2023-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023053840/https://books.google.com/books?id=0cbSBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} }}</ref>
* mechanical problem solving<ref>{{cite book |last=Hegarty |first=M. |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZECYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |chapter-url-access=limited |chapter=Knowledge and processes in mechanical problem solving |pages=253–285 |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0-8058-0650-4 |oclc=23254443 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204055603/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZECYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* personal problem solving<ref>{{cite journal | last1= Heppner|first1= P. P.|last2= Krauskopf|first2= C. J. |year=1987|title= An information-processing approach to personal problem solving|journal=The Counseling Psychologist|volume=15|issue= 3|pages=371–447|doi= 10.1177/0011000087153001|s2cid= 146180007}}</ref>
* political decision making<ref>{{cite book |last1=Voss |first1=J. F. |last2=Wolfe |first2=C. R. |last3=Lawrence |first3=J. A. |last4=Engle |first4=R. A. |year=1991 |chapter=From representation to decision: An analysis of problem solving in international relations |pages=119–158 |id=[[PsycNET]]: [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1991-98396-004 1991-98396-004] |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0-8058-0650-4 |oclc=23254443}}</ref>
* problem solving in electronics<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lesgold |first1=A. |last2=Lajoie |first2=S. |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZECYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 |chapter-url-access=limited |chapter=Complex problem solving in electronics |pages=287–316 |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0-8058-0650-4 |oclc=23254443 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204055601/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZECYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* problem solving for innovations and inventions: [[TRIZ]]<ref name="Altshuller1994">{{cite book | last = Altshuller | first = Genrich | year = 1994 | title = And Suddenly the Inventor Appeared | translator = Lev Shulyak | location = Worcester, Mass. | publisher = Technical Innovation Center | isbn = 978-0-9640740-1-9 |ref=Reference-Altshuller1994}}</ref>
* reading<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stanovich |first1=K. E. |last2=Cunningham |first2=A. E. |year=1991 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZECYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |chapter-url-access=limited |chapter=Reading as constrained reasoning |pages=3–60 |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0-8058-0650-4 |oclc=23254443 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2023-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903202339/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZECYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* social problem solving<ref name=DZurilla />
* writing<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryson |first1=M. |last2=Bereiter |first2=C. |last3=Scardamalia |first3=M. |last4=Joram |first4=E. |year=1991 |chapter=Going beyond the problem as given: Problem solving in expert and novice writers |pages=61–84 |editor-first1=R. J. |editor-last1=Sternberg |editor-first2=P. A. |editor-last2=Frensch |title=Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms |place=Hillsdale, N.J. |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0-8058-0650-4 |oclc=23254443}}</ref>