Editing Pyrolysis (section)

== Study tools ==

=== Thermogravimetric analysis ===
[[Thermogravimetric analysis]] (TGA) is one of the most common techniques to investigate pyrolysis with no limitations of heat and mass transfer. The results can be used to determine mass loss kinetics.<ref name="Zhou-2013" /><ref name="Zhou-2015" /><ref name="Zhou-2017" /><ref name="Zhou-2015-2" /><ref name="Zhou-2015-3" /> [[Activation energy|Activation energies]] can be calculated using the [[Kissinger method]] or peak analysis-least square method (PA-LSM).<ref name="Zhou-2017" /><ref name="Zhou-2015-2" />

TGA can couple with [[Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy]] (FTIR) and [[mass spectrometry]]. As the temperature increases, the volatiles generated from pyrolysis can be measured.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Hui |last2=Meng |first2=AiHong |last3=Long |first3=YanQiu |last4=Li |first4=QingHai |last5=Zhang |first5=YanGuo |title=Interactions of municipal solid waste components during pyrolysis: A TG-FTIR study |journal=Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis |date=July 2014 |volume=108 |pages=19–25 |doi=10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.024 |bibcode=2014JAAP..108...19Z }}</ref><ref name="Zhao-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Ming |last2=Memon |first2=Muhammad Zaki |last3=Ji |first3=Guozhao |last4=Yang |first4=Xiaoxiao |last5=Vuppaladadiyam |first5=Arun K. |last6=Song |first6=Yinqiang |last7=Raheem |first7=Abdul |last8=Li |first8=Jinhui |last9=Wang |first9=Wei |last10=Zhou |first10=Hui |title=Alkali metal bifunctional catalyst-sorbents enabled biomass pyrolysis for enhanced hydrogen production |journal=Renewable Energy |date=April 2020 |volume=148 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.006 |bibcode=2020REne..148..168Z }}</ref>

=== Macro-TGA ===
In TGA, the sample is loaded first before the increase of temperature, and the heating rate is low (less than 100&nbsp;°C min<sup>−1</sup>). Macro-TGA can use gram-scale samples to investigate the effects of pyrolysis with mass and heat transfer.<ref name="Zhou-2017" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Yanqiu |last2=Zhou |first2=Hui |last3=Meng |first3=Aihong |last4=Li |first4=Qinghai |last5=Zhang |first5=Yanguo |title=Interactions among biomass components during co-pyrolysis in (macro)thermogravimetric analyzers |journal=Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering |date=September 2016 |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=2638–2643 |doi=10.1007/s11814-016-0102-x }}</ref>

=== Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ===
[[Pyrolysis mass spectrometry]] (Py-GC-MS) is an important laboratory procedure to determine the structure of compounds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodacre |first1=Royston |last2=Kell |first2=Douglas B |title=Pyrolysis mass spectrometry and its applications in biotechnology |journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology |date=February 1996 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=20–28 |doi=10.1016/S0958-1669(96)80090-5 |pmid=8791308 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peacock |first1=Patricia M. |last2=McEwen |first2=Charles N. |title=Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers |journal=Analytical Chemistry |date=1 June 2006 |volume=78 |issue=12 |pages=3957–3964 |doi=10.1021/ac0606249 |pmid=16771534 }}</ref>

===Machine learning===
In recent years, machine learning has attracted significant research interest in predicting yields, optimizing parameters, and monitoring pyrolytic processes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhengxin |last2=Peng |first2=Xinggan |last3=Xia |first3=Ao |last4=Shah |first4=Akeel A. |last5=Huang |first5=Yun |last6=Zhu |first6=Xianqing |last7=Zhu |first7=Xun |last8=Liao |first8=Qiang |title=The role of machine learning to boost the bioenergy and biofuels conversion |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2022 |volume=343 |pages=126099 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126099 |pmid=34626766 |bibcode=2022BiTec.34326099W }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akinpelu |first1=David Akorede |last2=Adekoya |first2=Oluwaseun A. |last3=Oladoye |first3=Peter Olusakin |last4=Ogbaga |first4=Chukwuma C. |last5=Okolie |first5=Jude A. |title=Machine learning applications in biomass pyrolysis: From biorefinery to end-of-life product management |journal=Digital Chemical Engineering |date=September 2023 |volume=8 |page=100103 |doi=10.1016/j.dche.2023.100103 |doi-access=free }}</ref>