Editing Suret language (section)

== Vocabulary ==
One online Suret dictionary, [http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/sureth/index.php Sureth Dictionary], lists a total 40,642 words–half of which are [[Root (linguistics)|root words]].<ref>[http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/sureth/index.php Sureth dictionary] by Association Assyrophile de France</ref> Due to geographical proximity,<ref>Younansardaroud, Helen, ''Synharmonism in the Särdä:rïd Dialect'', Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 12:1 (1998): 77–82.</ref> Suret [[List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|has an extensive number]] of [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] [[loanword]]s–namely [[Persian language|Persian]] and Kurdish–incorporated in its vocabulary, as well as some Arabic, Russian, Azeri and [[Ottoman Turkish]] and, increasingly within the last century, English loanwords.

Suret has numerous words borrowed into its vocabulary directly from Akkadian, some of them also being borrowed into neighbouring Semitic languages such as Arabic and Hebrew. Several of these words are not attested in Classical Edessan Syriac, many of them being [[agriculture|agricultural]] terms, being more likely to survive by being spoken in agrarian rural communities rather than the urban centres like Edessa.<ref name=":Khan 2007" /> A few deviations in pronunciation between the Akkadian and the Assyrian Aramaic words are probably due to mistranslations of cuneiform signs which can have several readings. While Akkadian nouns generally end in "''-u''" in the nominative case, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic words nouns end with the vowel "''-a''" in their lemma form.<ref>Samuel A.B. Mercer, "Assyrian Grammar with Chrestomathy and Glossary" Frederick Ungar Publishing, New York, 1961</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Akkadian and Suret vocabulary{{refn|group="N"|Many Akkadian and Aramaic words share the same [[Semitic root]] and have [[cognate]]s in Arabic and Hebrew as well. Therefore, the list below focuses on words that are direct loanwords (not cognates) from Akkadian into Suret. Other Semitic languages that have borrowed the word from Akkadian may be noted as well.}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Akkadian!! rowspan="2" |Suret!! rowspan="2" | Modern meaning
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
![[Cuneiform]]
!Transliteration
|-
|{{lang|akk|𒌉𒌉𒇲}}
|{{transliteration|akk|''daqqu''}}
|{{transliteration|syr|''daiqa''}}
|very small, tiny
|Compare Arabic ''daqīq'' ([[wiktionary:دقيق|دَقِيق]]) "fine, thin, little"
|-
|𒂊𒄈𒌅 
|''egirtu''
|''iggarṯa''
|letter, epistle
|Also borrowed into Hebrew ''ʾiggéreṯ'' ([[wikt:אגרת|אִגֶּרֶת]]), Turoyo/Surayt ''egarṯo''. Compare Classical Mandaic ''engirta'' ({{lang|myz|ࡏࡍࡂࡉࡓࡕࡀ}}).
|-
|
|''elulu''
|''ullul''
|up, upwards
|Classical Syriac ''lʕel'', Western Neo-Aramaic ''elʕel'', Turoyo/Surayt ''lalʕal''.
|-
|𒋓
|''išku''
|''iškā''{{citation needed|date=January 2020|reason=Descendant or cognate with the Akkadian word?}}
|testicle
|Cognate with Hebrew ''ʾéšeḵ'' ([[wikt:אשך|אֶשֶׁךְ]]).
|-
|𒀉
|''gappu''
|''gulpa''
|wing
|Cognate with Hebrew ''ʾagaph'' ([[wikt:אגף|אֲגַף]]), Classical Syriac ''geppā'', Turoyo/Surayt ''gefo''.
|-
|
|''gir-ba-an-nu''
|''qurbana''
|offering, sacrifice
|Cognate with Arabic ''qurbān'' ([[wiktionary:قربان|قُرْبَان]]), borrowed into Hebrew as: ''qorban'' ([[wikt:קרבן|קָרְבָּן]]).
|-
|𒄀𒅆𒅕𒊑
|''gišru''
|''gišra''
|bridge
|borrowed into Classical Syriac ''gešrā'' ([[wikt:ܓܫܪܐ|ܓܫܪܐ]]), 
Arabic ''ǧisr'' ([[wikt:جِسْر|جِسْر]]), Hebrew ''géšer'' ([[wikt:גשר|גֶּשֶׁר]]), Western Neo-Aramaic ''ġešra'', Turoyo/Surayt ''gešro''.
|-
|
|''hadutu''
|''ḥḏuṯa''
|joy, happiness
|Western Neo-Aramaic ''ḥḏawṯa''.
|-
|
|''ittimalu''
|''timmal''
|yesterday
|borrowed into Hebrew as: ''etmol'' ([[wikt:אתמול|אֶתְמוֹל]]), Turoyo/Surayt ''aṯmel''.
|-
|𒌆𒁇𒌆
|''kusītu''
|''kosiṯa''
|hat, headgear
|Compare Arabic ''kuswa'' ([[wiktionary:كسوة|كُسْوَة]]), borrowed into Hebrew as: ''ksut'' - a garment; a cover ([[wikt:כסות|כְּסוּת]]) & ''ksayah'' ([[כסיה|כְּסָיָה]]) - a covering
|-
|
|''kutallu''
|''qḏala''
|neck
|Arabic ''qaḏāl'' ([[wiktionary:قذال|قَذَال]]) "occiput", Western Neo-Aramaic ''qḏola'', Turoyo/Surayt ''qḏolo''.
|-
|𒈛
|''massu'u'', ''mesû''
|''msaya''
|to clean, wash clothes
|Classical Syriac ''mšiġ'', Western Neo-Aramaic ''imšiġ'', Turoyo/Surayt ''mašeġ''.
|-
|𒆳
|''mātu''
|''maṯa''
|village; homeland
|Borrowed into Turoyo/Surayt as ''moṯo'' (homeland).
|-
|
|''migru''
|''myuqra''
|favourite, honourable
|Borrowed into Turoyo/Surayt as ''miaqro''.
|-
|𒈦𒂗𒆕
|''muškēnu''
|''miskena''
|poor, impoverished
|Arabic ''miskīn'' ([[wiktionary:مسكين|مِسْكِين]]), borrowed into Hebrew as: ([[מסכן|מִסְכֵּן]]), Western Neo-Aramaic ''miskina''.
|-
|𒇽𒉽נׇפׇּח
|''nakru''
|''naḵraya''
|foreign(er), outlandish
|Compare Arabic ''nakira'' (نَكِرَة) "unknown", Classical Syriac ''nūḵrāyā'' ([[wikt:ܢܘܟܪܝܐ|ܢܘܟܪܝܐ]]), Hebrew ''noḵrî'' ([[wikt:נוכרי|נָכְרִי]]), Western Neo-Aramaic ''nuḵray'', Turoyo/Surayt ''nuḵroyo''. Compare Classical Mandaic ''nukraia'' ({{lang|myz|ࡍࡅࡊࡓࡀࡉࡀ}}).
|-
|
|''napahu''
|''npaḥa''
| blow, exhale
|Arabic ''nafaḵ'' (نَفَخ), Hebrew ''napah'' ([[wikt:נפח|נׇפׇּח]]), Classical Syriac ''nfaḥ'', Western Neo-Aramaic ''infaḥ'', Turoyo/Surayt ''nfoḥo''.
|-
|𒉈𒋢𒌒
|''našāgu''
|''nšaqa''
|to kiss
|Arabic ''našaq'' ([[wiktionary:نون|نَشَق]]) "to snuff", Hebrew ''nšiquah'' ([[wikt:נשיקה|נְשִׁיקָה]]), Classical Syriac ''nšaq'', Western Neo-Aramaic ''inšaq'', Turoyo/Surayt ''nošaq''.
|-
|𒄩
|''nunu''
|''nuna''
| fish
|Arabic ''nūn'' ([[wiktionary:نون|نُون]]), Turoyo/Surayt ''nuno''. Compare Classical Mandaic ''nuna'' ({{lang|myz|ࡍࡅࡍࡀ}}).
|-
|
|''paraku''
|''praḥa''
|to fly, glide
||Arabic ''farḵ'' ([[wiktionary:فرخ|فَرْخ]]) "chick", Hebrew ''parah'' ([[wikt:פרח|פָּרַח]]), Turoyo/Surayt ''foraš''.
|-
|-
|𒋻
|''parāsu''
|''praša''
|to separate, part
|Arabic ''faraš'' ([[wiktionary:فرش|فَرَش]]), Hebrew ''parash'' ([[wikt: פרש|פָּרַשׁ]]), Turoyo/Surayt ''fošar''.
|-
|𒀭𒁇
|''parzillu''
|''prezla''
|iron, metal
||Hebrew ''barzel'' ([[wikt: ברזל|בַּרְזֶל]])
|-
|𒁔
|''pašāru''
|''pšara''
|to melt, dissolve
||Hebrew ''hafšara'' ([[wikt: הפשרה|הַפְשָׁרָה]])
|-
|
|''qurbu''
|''qurba''
|nearby
||Arabic ''qurb'' ([[wiktionary:قرب|قُرْب]]), Hebrew ''qirvah''; ''qeruv'' & ''qarov'', Western Neo-Aramaic ''qura'', Turoyo/Surayt ''qariwo''. 
|-
|𒃲
|''rabû''
|''ra(b)ba''
|large, great (in quality or quantity)
|Hebrew ''rav''; ''rabu'' & ''harbeh'', Western Neo-Aramaic ''rappa'', Turoyo/Surayt ''rabo''. Compare Mandaic ''rabbā'' ({{langx|myz|ࡓࡁࡀ|translit=rba}}).
|-
|𒋤
|''rêqu''
|''reḥqa''
|far, distant
|Hebrew ''raḥoq'' ([[wikt: רחוק|רָחוֹק]]),
Turoyo/Surayt ''raḥuqo''.
|-
|
|''sananu''
|''sanyana''
|hater, rival
|Hebrew ''soneh'' ([[wikt: שונא|שׂוֹנֵא]]), Western Neo-Aramaic ''sanyona''.
|-
|𒄑𒃴
|''simmiltu'' 
|''si(m)malta, si(m)manta''
|ladder
|Borrowed into Classical Syriac as ''sebbelṯā'' ([[wikt:ܣܒܠܬܐ|ܣܒܠܬܐ]]), Western Neo-Aramaic ''semla''.
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|''sīsû''
|''susa''
|horse
|Compare Arabic ''sīsī'' (سيسي) "pony", Hebrew ''sûs'' ([[wikt:סוס|סוּס]]), Western Neo-Aramaic ''susya'', Turoyo/Surayt ''susyo''.
|-
|𒊭𒁀𒁉𒅎
|''ša bābi''
|''šḇaḇa''
|neighbour
|Western Neo-Aramaic ''šboba''.
|-
|𒂄
|''šahānu''
|''šḥana''
|to warm, heat up
|Arabic ''sāḵin'' ([[wikt:ساخن|ساخِن]]), Hebrew ''šahun'' ([[wikt:שחון|שָׁחוּן]]), Classical Syriac ''šḥen'', Western Neo-Aramaic: ''išḥen'', Turoyo/Surayt ''šoḥan''.
|-
|𒇽𒁁
|''šalamtu''
|''šla(d)da''
|body, corpse
|Hebrew ''šeled'' ([[wikt:שלד|שֶׁלֶד]]), Turoyo/Surayt ''šlado'' (corpse).
|-
|𒌑
|''šammu''
|''samma''
|drug, poison
|Arabic ''summ'' ([[wiktionary:سم|سُمّ]]), Hebrew ''sam'' ([[wikt:סם|סַם]]), Western Neo-Aramaic ''samma'', Turoyo/Surayt ''samo''.
|-
|-
|
|''šuptu''
|''šopa''
|place, spot
|
|-
|𒄭
|''ṭābu''
|''ṭaḇa''
|good, pleasant
|Arabic ''ṭāb'' ([[wiktionary:طاب|طَابَ]]), Hebrew ''ṭovah'' ([[wikt:טובה|טוֹבָה]]), Western Neo-Aramaic ''ṭoba'', Turoyo/Surayt ''ṭowo''. Compare Classical Mandaic ''ṭaba'' ({{lang|myz|ࡈࡀࡁࡀ}}).
|-
|
|''tapahu''
|''tpaḥa''
|to pour out, spill
|Arabic ''fāḵ'' ([[wiktionary:فاخ|فَاخَ]]), compare the Hebrew cognate: to rise (e.g. rising flour) ''taphaḥ'' ([[wikt:תפח|תָּפַח]])
|-
|
|''tayartu''
|''dyara''
|to return, come back
||Arabic ''dār'' ([[wiktionary:دار|دَار]]), compare the Hebrew cognate: a tourist ''tayar'' ([[wikt:תייר|תַּיָּר]]), Turoyo/Surayt ''doʕar''.
|-
|
|''temuru''
|''ṭmara''
|to bury
|
|-
|𒂡
|''zamāru''
|''zmara''
|to sing
|Arabic ''zammar'' ([[wiktionary:زمر|زَمَّر]]), Hebrew: a tune; a singing ''zimrah'' ([[wikt:זמרה|זִמְרָה]]), Turoyo/Surayt ''zomar''.
|-
|𒍪𒊻
|''zuzu''
|''zuze''
|money
|Also borrowed into Hebrew ''zûz'' ([[wikt:זוז|זוּז]]) via Aramaic.
|}