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Synchronous optical networking
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===Linear Automatic Protection Switching=== Linear Automatic Protection Switching (APS), also known as ''1+1'', involves four fibers: two working fibers (one in each direction), and two protection fibers. Switching is based on the line state, and may be unidirectional (with each direction switching independently), or bidirectional (where the network elements at each end negotiate so that both directions are generally carried on the same pair of fibers).
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