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Abolition of monarchy
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=== Republicanism === ==== Australia (monarchy kept after referendum) ==== In a [[1999 Australian republic referendum|1999 referendum]], the voters of Australia rejected a proposal to replace the constitutional monarchy with a republic with a president appointed by Parliament. The proposal was rejected in all states, with only the [[Australian Capital Territory]] voting in favour. Though polling consistently showed a majority in favour of a republic, the result of the referendum was attributed to a split among republicans between those who supported the presented model and those who supported a directly elected president.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turnbull|first=Malcolm|title=Fighting for the Republic|location=South Yarra|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|year=1999|page=250}}</ref><ref name="Vizard">{{Cite book|title=Two Weeks in Lilliput: Bear Baiting and Backbiting at the Constitutional Convention|author=Steve Vizard|author-link=Steve Vizard|publisher=Penguin|location=Ringwood (Vic)|year=1998|isbn=0-14-027983-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Higley|first=John|author2=Case, Rhonda|title=Australia: The Politics of Becoming a Republic|journal=Journal of Democracy|volume=11|issue=3|date=July 2000|pages=136–150|issn=1045-5736|doi=10.1353/jod.2000.0058|s2cid=153786108}}</ref><ref name="Steketee">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/ten-years-after-the-referendum-we-are-no-closer-to-a-republic/story-e6frg6qo-1225792964973|title=Ten years after the referendum, we are no closer to a republic|last=Steketee|first=Mike|work=[[The Australian]]|date=31 October 2009|access-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> ==== Greece ==== In the [[modern history of Greece]], the monarchy was toppled in 1924, as a result of the [[National Schism]] and the [[Asia Minor Disaster]]. The resulting [[Second Hellenic Republic]] led a troubled existence, until a coup restored the monarchy in 1935. The subsequent dictatorial [[4th of August Regime]] was established with the support of King [[George II of Greece]], further delegitimizing the monarchy. During the [[Axis occupation of Greece]], George II nominally led the [[Greek government in exile]], but the post-war fate of the monarchy was a major dividing issue for Greeks, especially with the rise of the pro-communist [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|National Liberation Front]] (EAM) as the country's largest resistance movement. As a compromise, the issue was to be determined by a referendum after the war. In the end, the threat of a post-war communist takeover led the [[Venizelist]] republicans to ally with the monarchists; with the defeat of EAM in the ''[[Dekemvriana]]'', the subsequent [[White Terror (Greece)|White Terror]], and the outbreak of the [[Greek Civil War]] in 1946 resulted in a monarchist victory in the [[1946 Greek referendum|1946 referendum]] and the return of George II to the country. The last king, [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]], interfered in politics during the [[Iouliana]] of 1965. The resulting political crisis led to a [[1967 Greek coup d'état|military coup]] in April 1967. Constantine II reluctantly accepted the ''fait accompli'' and lent it legitimacy, but when he tried to stage a counter-coup later that year, he was defeated and forced into exile. Greece formally remained a monarchy until it was abolished by the military junta in June 1973, followed by [[1973 Greek republic referendum|a July referendum confirming that decision]]. The restoration of the monarchy was overwhelmingly defeated, after constitutional legality was restored, by a free [[1974 Greek republic referendum|referendum in 1974]]. ==== Spain ==== In Spain, the monarchy was again abolished in 1931 by the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931–1939). In [[1947 Spanish law of succession referendum|1947]], [[Spain under Franco|Francisco Franco]] declared Spain a [[monarchy]] but kept himself as [[regent]] for life with the constitutional setup essentially unchanged. Per the right the 1947 law granted him to decide ''who'' would be the future Spanish monarch, he appointed [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos of Bourbon]] his successor in 1969. The "[[Prince of Spain]]" became king at Franco's death in 1975, and during the [[Spanish transition to democracy]], the [[Spanish constitution of 1978]] put the monarchy on a new constitutional basis. The existence of monarchy in Spain is an [[entrenched clause]] with much stricter rules for [[constitutional amendment]] than other constitutional provisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/titulos/articulos.jsp?ini=166&fin=169&tipo=2|title = Título X. De la reforma constitucional – Constitución Española}}</ref> ==== Portugal ==== The monarchy of Portugal was also [[5 October 1910 revolution|overthrown]] in 1910, two years after the [[Lisbon Regicide|assassination]] of King [[Carlos I of Portugal|Carlos I]], ending the reign of [[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]], who died in exile in England in 1932 without issue.
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