Editing Affirmative action (section)

==== Soviet Union and Russia ====
Soon after the 1918 revolution, [[Inessa Armand]], [[Lenin]]'s secretary and lover, was instrumental in creating [[Zhenotdel]], which functioned until the 1930s as part of the international egalitarian and affirmative action movements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stites |first1=Richard |title=Zhenotdel: Bolshevism and Russian Women, 1917–1930 |journal=Russian History |date=1976 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=174–193 |doi=10.1163/187633176X00107 |jstor=24649711 |quote=These egalitarian and affirmative action movements—in other words, early "communism"—receive short shrift in most Western studies... }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Patterson |first1=Michelle Jane |title=Red 'Teaspoons of Charity': Zhenotdel, Russian Women, and the Communist Party, 1919–1930 |date=29 February 2012 |hdl=1807/32159 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1057/9780230501799_11 |chapter=Socialism in One Gender: Masculine Values in the Stalin Revolution |title=Russian Masculinities in History and Culture |year=2002 |last1=Schrand |first1=Thomas G. |pages=194–209 |isbn=978-1-349-42592-1 }}</ref> Quota systems existed in the [[USSR]] for various social groups including [[ethnic minorities]], women and factory workers. Before 1934 ethnic minorities were described as [[cultural backwardness|culturally backward]], but in 1934 this term was found inappropriate.<ref name="q189">{{cite book |first = Terry Dean |last = Martin |title = The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939| year = 2001| publisher = [[Cornell University Press]]| location = United States| isbn = 978-0-8014-8677-7 }}</ref> In 1920s and early 1930s [[Korenizatsiia]] applied affirmative action to ethnic minorities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nicolaïdis |first1=Kalypso |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9SLDwAAQBAJ |title=Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies |last2=Sebe |first2=Berny |last3=Maas |first3=Gabrielle |date=2014-12-23 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-85773-896-7 |language=en |quote=Elsewhere in the USSR, the late 1930s and the outbreak of World War II also saw some significant changes: elements of korenizatsiya were phased out... the Russians were officially anointed as the 'elder brothers' of the Soviet family of nations, whilst among historians Tsarist imperialism was rehabilitated as having had a 'progressive significance' |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Jon K. |title=Tsarist continuities in Soviet nationalities policy: A case of Korean territorial autonomy in the Soviet Far East, 1923–1937 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17823472 |journal=Eurasia Studies Society of Great Britain & Europe Journal}}</ref> Quotas for access to university education, offices in the Soviet system and the Communist Party existed: for example, the position of First Secretary of a Soviet Republic's (or Autonomous Republic's) Party Committee was always filled by a representative of this republic's "[[titular ethnicity]]".{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Russia retains this system partially. Quotas are abolished, but preferences for some ethnic minorities and inhabitants of certain territories remain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sakhapress.ru/archives/207211|title=Представители коренных малочисленных народов Севера имеют право получить бесплатную юридическую помощь|date=18 February 2016}}</ref>