Editing Anti-predator adaptation (section)

===Defensive regurgitation===
[[File:Defensive Regurgitation.png |thumb |left |A [[northern fulmar]] chick protects itself with a jet of [[stomach oil]].]]

Some birds and insects use defensive regurgitation to ward off predators. The [[northern fulmar]] vomits a bright orange, oily substance called [[stomach oil]] when threatened.<ref name="Warham, John 1977">{{cite journal |last1 = Warham |first1 = John |date = 1977 |url=http://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2787.pdf |title = The Incidence, Functions and Ecological Significance of Petrel Stomach Oils |journal = New Zealand Ecological Society |volume = 24 |pages = 84–93 }}</ref> The stomach oil is made from their aquatic diets. It causes the predator's feathers to mat, leading to the loss of flying ability and the loss of water repellency.<ref name="Warham, John 1977"/> This is especially dangerous for aquatic birds because their water repellent feathers protect them from [[hypothermia]] when diving for food.<ref name="Warham, John 1977"/>

[[European roller]] chicks vomit a bright orange, foul smelling liquid when they sense danger. This repels prospective predators and may alert their parents to danger: they respond by delaying their return.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parejo |first1=D |last2=Avilés |first2=JM |last3=Peña |first3=A |last4=Sánchez |first4=L |last5=Ruano |first5=F |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=Armed Rollers: Does Nestling's Vomit Function as a Defence against Predators? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=7 |page=e68862 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0068862 |pmid=23874791 |pmc=3707886 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...868862P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Numerous insects utilize defensive regurgitation. The [[eastern tent caterpillar]] regurgitates a droplet of digestive fluid to repel attacking ants.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peterson, Steven C., Nelson D. Johnson, and John L. LeGuyader |title=Defensive Regurgitation of Allelochemicals Derived From Host Cyanogenesis By Eastern Tent Caterpillars |jstor=1939211 |doi=10.2307/1939211 |journal=Ecology |volume= 68 |issue=5 |year=1987 |pages= 1268–272|bibcode=1987Ecol...68.1268P }}</ref> Similarly, larvae of the [[noctuid moth]] regurgitate when disturbed by ants. The vomit of noctuid moths has repellent and irritant properties that help to deter predator attacks.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smedley, Scott R., Elizabeth Ehrhardt, and Thomas Eisner |title=Defensive Regurgitation by a Noctuid Moth Larva (''Litoprosopus futilis'') |journal=Psyche: A Journal of Entomology |volume=100 |issue=3–4 |year=1993 |pages=209–21 |doi=10.1155/1993/67950 |doi-access=free}}</ref>